E&E 151 S Introductory Geology: Chapter 5 (Weathering and Soil) Visualization Study

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Last updated 10:54 PM on 10/8/26

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51 Terms

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Rock Cycle

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The continuous geological process by which rocks are created, changed from one form to another (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic), and eventually destroyed or melted.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The continuous geological process by which rocks are created, changed from one form to another (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic), and eventually destroyed or melted.</p>

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Slate

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A fine-grained metamorphic rock that is highly resistant to chemical weathering.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A fine-grained metamorphic rock that is highly resistant to chemical weathering.</p>

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Marble

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A metamorphic rock composed primarily of calcite, making it highly susceptible to dissolving when exposed to acid.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A metamorphic rock composed primarily of calcite, making it highly susceptible to dissolving when exposed to acid.</p>

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Gravestones

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Slabs of stone used as cemetery markers, which geologists frequently use to measure real-world weathering rates over known time periods.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Slabs of stone used as cemetery markers, which geologists frequently use to measure real-world weathering rates over known time periods.</p>

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Spheroidal Weathering

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A type of chemical weathering where water attacks jointed rock blocks from all sides, rounding off the sharp corners and transforming rectangular blocks into spherical boulders.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A type of chemical weathering where water attacks jointed rock blocks from all sides, rounding off the sharp corners and transforming rectangular blocks into spherical boulders.</p>

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Pedestal Rock

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: An isolated pillar of rock where a wide, highly resistant cap sits atop a narrower, easily eroded base.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: An isolated pillar of rock where a wide, highly resistant cap sits atop a narrower, easily eroded base.</p>

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Mushroom Rock

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Another term for a pedestal rock, specifically referring to its top-heavy, fungus-like shape.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Another term for a pedestal rock, specifically referring to its top-heavy, fungus-like shape.</p>

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Differential Weathering

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The process where different rock types weather at varying rates based on their physical and chemical resistance.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The process where different rock types weather at varying rates based on their physical and chemical resistance.</p>

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Cliff Strata

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Horizontal layers of sedimentary rock (strata) that form steep vertical faces (cliffs) if they are strong, or gentle slopes if they are weak.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Horizontal layers of sedimentary rock (strata) that form steep vertical faces (cliffs) if they are strong, or gentle slopes if they are weak.</p>

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Unloading

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The release of immense pressure on deep-seated rocks when overlying earth material is eroded away.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The release of immense pressure on deep-seated rocks when overlying earth material is eroded away.</p>

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Sheet Jointing

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The parallel, surface-aligned fractures that form in solid rock as it expands outward in response to unloading.

$<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The parallel, surface-aligned fractures that form in solid rock as it expands outward in response to unloading.</p>$

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Exfoliation Dome

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A large, rounded landform created when concentric slabs of rock peel away from a central mass along sheet joints.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A large, rounded landform created when concentric slabs of rock peel away from a central mass along sheet joints.</p>

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Half Dome

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A specific, famous exfoliation dome located in Yosemite National Park.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A specific, famous exfoliation dome located in Yosemite National Park.</p>

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Root Wedging

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The physical prying apart of rock fractures by the growth and expansion of tree and plant roots.

$<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The physical prying apart of rock fractures by the growth and expansion of tree and plant roots.</p>$

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Thermal Expansion

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The fracturing of rock caused by the repeated physical stress of expanding when heated by extreme sun and contracting when cooled at night.

$<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The fracturing of rock caused by the repeated physical stress of expanding when heated by extreme sun and contracting when cooled at night.</p>$

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Surface Area Effect

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The geometric principle that breaking a solid mass into smaller pieces dramatically increases its total exposed surface area, providing more space for chemical reactions to occur.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The geometric principle that breaking a solid mass into smaller pieces dramatically increases its total exposed surface area, providing more space for chemical reactions to occur.</p>

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Iron Oxidation

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The chemical reaction where iron-bearing minerals combine with oxygen and water to form rust (hematite).

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The chemical reaction where iron-bearing minerals combine with oxygen and water to form rust (hematite).</p>

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Red Beds

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Sedimentary rock layers that have a distinct reddish-brown color because they are stained by oxidized iron.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Sedimentary rock layers that have a distinct reddish-brown color because they are stained by oxidized iron.</p>

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Frost Wedging

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The mechanical fracturing of rock caused by water seeping into cracks, freezing, and expanding by 9%.

$<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The mechanical fracturing of rock caused by water seeping into cracks, freezing, and expanding by 9%.</p>$

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Talus Slopes

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The fan-shaped piles of sharp, angular rock fragments that accumulate at the base of a cliff due to gravity and weathering.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The fan-shaped piles of sharp, angular rock fragments that accumulate at the base of a cliff due to gravity and weathering.</p>

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Boiling Mudspots

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Geothermal features where acidic gases chemically break down surrounding solid rock into a bubbling slurry of clay and mud.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Geothermal features where acidic gases chemically break down surrounding solid rock into a bubbling slurry of clay and mud.</p>

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Sulfuric Acid

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A highly corrosive acid formed when volcanic sulfur gases react with water, driving intense chemical weathering.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A highly corrosive acid formed when volcanic sulfur gases react with water, driving intense chemical weathering.</p>

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Acid Mine Drainage

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Highly acidic, toxic, reddish-orange water runoff produced when exposed sulfide minerals (like pyrite in mines) react with air and water.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Highly acidic, toxic, reddish-orange water runoff produced when exposed sulfide minerals (like pyrite in mines) react with air and water.</p>

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Chemical Weathering of Feldspar

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The chemical breakdown of feldspar minerals via hydrolysis, which transforms the hard mineral into soft kaolinite clay.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The chemical breakdown of feldspar minerals via hydrolysis, which transforms the hard mineral into soft kaolinite clay.</p>

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Chemical Weathering of Calcite

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The dissolution of calcite minerals (found in limestone) when exposed to acidic water, which leaves no solid residue behind.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The dissolution of calcite minerals (found in limestone) when exposed to acidic water, which leaves no solid residue behind.</p>

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Diamond Concentration

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The accumulation of heavy, resistant diamonds at the Earth's surface after the softer rock surrounding them has weathered away.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The accumulation of heavy, resistant diamonds at the Earth's surface after the softer rock surrounding them has weathered away.</p>

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Kimberlite Pipes

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Deep, carrot-shaped volcanic rock tubes that originate deep in the mantle and serve as the primary host rock for diamonds.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Deep, carrot-shaped volcanic rock tubes that originate deep in the mantle and serve as the primary host rock for diamonds.</p>

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Inorganic Carbon Cycle

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The long-term geological cycling of carbon out of the atmosphere (via weathering of rocks), into the oceans (as bicarbonate), into the earth (as limestone), and back to the atmosphere (via volcanoes).

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The long-term geological cycling of carbon out of the atmosphere (via weathering of rocks), into the oceans (as bicarbonate), into the earth (as limestone), and back to the atmosphere (via volcanoes).</p>

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Thermostat

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The concept that this carbon cycle naturally regulates Earth's climate over millions of years by speeding up weathering when it is hot and slowing it down when it is cold.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The concept that this carbon cycle naturally regulates Earth's climate over millions of years by speeding up weathering when it is hot and slowing it down when it is cold.</p>

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Clay Mineral

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Microscopic, flat, sheet-like minerals that are the final product of the chemical weathering of silicate rocks.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Microscopic, flat, sheet-like minerals that are the final product of the chemical weathering of silicate rocks.</p>

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Surface Charge

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The negative electrical charge naturally present on the faces of clay minerals, which allows them to attract water and nutrients.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The negative electrical charge naturally present on the faces of clay minerals, which allows them to attract water and nutrients.</p>

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Cation Exchange

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The vital soil process where plant roots release hydrogen ions to chemically swap places with essential nutrient ions clinging to clay particles.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The vital soil process where plant roots release hydrogen ions to chemically swap places with essential nutrient ions clinging to clay particles.</p>

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Soil (Nutrient) Cations

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Positively charged elemental ions—like calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺)—that plants need to survive.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Positively charged elemental ions—like calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺)—that plants need to survive.</p>

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Soil Horizons

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The distinct vertical layers that make up soil, such as topsoil (A horizon), leached layers (E horizon), and subsoil (B horizon).

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The distinct vertical layers that make up soil, such as topsoil (A horizon), leached layers (E horizon), and subsoil (B horizon).</p>

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Profile

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A vertical cross-section view showing all the soil horizons from the surface down to the unweathered parent bedrock.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A vertical cross-section view showing all the soil horizons from the surface down to the unweathered parent bedrock.</p>

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Residual Soil

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Soil that forms directly in place from the weathering of the underlying bedrock.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Soil that forms directly in place from the weathering of the underlying bedrock.</p>

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Transported Soil

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Soil that forms from sediments that were eroded, moved, and deposited by water, wind, or ice from another location.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Soil that forms from sediments that were eroded, moved, and deposited by water, wind, or ice from another location.</p>

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Topography

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The shape and physical features of the land surface (steep slopes vs. flat floodplains) which dictate how well soil can develop and accumulate.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The shape and physical features of the land surface (steep slopes vs. flat floodplains) which dictate how well soil can develop and accumulate.</p>

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Caliche

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A hard, cement-like layer of accumulated calcium carbonate found in the subsoils of arid regions.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A hard, cement-like layer of accumulated calcium carbonate found in the subsoils of arid regions.</p>

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Pedocal Profile

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A specific type of soil profile typical of dry climates, characterized by a lack of leaching and the accumulation of carbonate minerals.

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Paleosols

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Ancient, buried soils that have been preserved in the geologic record, acting as time capsules of past environments.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Ancient, buried soils that have been preserved in the geologic record, acting as time capsules of past environments.</p>

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Lava Flow Sequences

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Successive layers of volcanic basalt that periodically bury the landscape; geologists use the soils trapped between these flows to date the time between eruptions.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Successive layers of volcanic basalt that periodically bury the landscape; geologists use the soils trapped between these flows to date the time between eruptions.</p>

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Bauxite Ore

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The world's primary source of aluminum, formed by intense tropical chemical weathering that leaches away all other soluble minerals.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The world's primary source of aluminum, formed by intense tropical chemical weathering that leaches away all other soluble minerals.</p>

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Aluminum Extraction

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The complex chemical refining and smelting process required to separate pure, usable aluminum metal from raw bauxite ore.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The complex chemical refining and smelting process required to separate pure, usable aluminum metal from raw bauxite ore.</p>

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Splash Erosion

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The initial impact of raindrops hitting bare earth, which physically dislodges and scatters soil particles.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The initial impact of raindrops hitting bare earth, which physically dislodges and scatters soil particles.</p>

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Rill-to-Gully Progression

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The worsening sequence of water erosion where tiny surface channels (rills) rapidly merge and deepen into large, impassable trenches (gullies).

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The worsening sequence of water erosion where tiny surface channels (rills) rapidly merge and deepen into large, impassable trenches (gullies).</p>

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Badland

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A severely degraded landscape characterized by steep, barren, and heavily eroded terrain.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A severely degraded landscape characterized by steep, barren, and heavily eroded terrain.</p>

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Gully Erosion

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The destructive removal of soil by powerful, concentrated water flow that carves deep channels into land stripped of vegetation.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The destructive removal of soil by powerful, concentrated water flow that carves deep channels into land stripped of vegetation.</p>

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Dust Bowl

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: An ecological disaster in the 1930s US Plains where severe drought and poor farming practices caused massive wind erosion of topsoil.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: An ecological disaster in the 1930s US Plains where severe drought and poor farming practices caused massive wind erosion of topsoil.</p>

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Black Rollers

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A historical term for the massive, rolling storm clouds of windblown topsoil that darkened the sky during the Dust Bowl.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A historical term for the massive, rolling storm clouds of windblown topsoil that darkened the sky during the Dust Bowl.</p>

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World Soil Orders

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The 12 primary categories used by the USDA to classify all soils globally based on their climate, vegetation, and physical properties.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The 12 primary categories used by the USDA to classify all soils globally based on their climate, vegetation, and physical properties.</p>