Comp 1 Exam

ALU

Arithmetic & Logic Unit: Part of the CPU that performs mathematical operations

CPU

Central Processing Unit: most important component; the part of the computer that actually runs programs

Logic Error

is a bug that causes a program to operate incorrectly but does not terminate or crash

Syntax Error

detected by the compiler and the program does not run

Preprocessor Directive

lines in a program that being with the character #, instructions for the preprocessor, #<iostream>

Reserved Words

words that already have a role in coding

Combined Assignment Operator

a combined assignment operator performs an operation on variable and assigns the result back to that variable in a single statement

Compiler

software program that translates code written in a high-level programming language to a lower level programming language

Executable Code

machine language instructions ready to run, including any needed-run-time library routines

Control Unit

Part of the CPU that coordinates all the computer’s operations

Source Code

Statements written by the programmer

Declaration

is a statement that introduces an identifier (such as a variable, function, class, or type) to the compiler or interpreter, specifying its name and type without necessarily allocating memory or providing implementation details.

Comment

is a piece of text that is ignored

Constant

refers to a value that remains unchanged throughout the execution of a program.

Overflow

occurs when the result of a computation exceeds the range that can be represented within a fixed number of bits.

High-Level Language

programming language closer to human language, such as C++, Python, or Javva

Low-Level Langauge

Used for communication directly with hardware, such as machine language or Assembly

Assignment

an assignment is the process of giving a value to a variable, allowing the program to store and manipulate data

Syntax

refers to the set of rules that defines the combination of symbols that are considered to be correct

Initialization

the preparation of a computer or similar device for operation, in which diagnostic tests are run and the operating system is loaded

RAM

Random Access Memory

Underflow

refers to a condition where a calculation results in a value that is smaller than the smallest representable number in a given data type.

Bit

1

Byte

8

long

like a line

int

integer no decimal

short

small amount

double

the biggest

float

the decimal can move

char

single character

string

multiple chars, text, longer than a double but reads it as texts, can’t hold number operations

bool

true or false

integer Division

discard any remainder

Valid Variable naming

 no funky characters, no reserved words, has to start with a letter or underscore, no blank space between the words or characters.

setw

set the width of the output field

setprecision

like how many spots behind a decimal you want

fixed

the decimal point doesnt move

show point

to control the output format of floating-point numbers.

How do you make a variable

int ____ = __;

in put

»

out put

«

Division in code

int main() {
int a = 7, b = 2;
int result = a / b; // Integer division
cout << "7 / 2 = " << result << endl; // Output: 3
return 0;

the ending sequence

\end, /n, endl

Cin

// Output prompt using cout
cout << "Enter your name: ";
cin >> name; // Reads a single word into 'name'

cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> age; // Reads an integer into 'age'