Anatomy Exam 2: Arthrology (Lecture 4)

Arthrology

Study of joints

Joint

A point where two bones meet, another name for articulation

Fibrous joint

A joint in which bones are connected by dense fibrous connective tissue

Cartilaginous joint

A joint in which bones are connected by cartilage

Synovial joint

A joint in which bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity

Synarthrosis

A functional classification that means a joint permits little to no movement

Amphiathrosis

A functional classification that means a joint permits limited movement

Diarthrosis

A functional classification that means a joint is freely movable

Suture

An immovable fibrous joint that connects the bones of the skull

Gomphosis

A fibrous joint in which a tooth is anchored within its bony socket

Syndesmosis

A fibrous joint in which bones are connected by a ligament or interosseous membrane

Interosseous membrane

A sheet of fibrous connective tissue that connects long bones

Synchondrosis

A cartilaginous joint in which bones are connected by hyaline cartilage

Symphasis

A cartilaginous joint in which bones are connected by fibrocartilage

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones within a synovial joint, which reduces friction

Joint cavity

The space between articulating bones in a synovial joint

Joint Capsule

The connective tissue enclosure that surrounds a synovial joint cavity

Fibrous capsule

The tough outer layer of a joint capsule that helps hold the articulating bones together

Synovial membrane

The inner lining of a joint capsule that produces synovial fluid

Synovial fluid

A lubricating fluid within a synovial joint cavity that reduces friction between articular surfaces

Bursa

A flat, fluid-filled synovial sac that reduces friction between adjacent tissues

Tendon sheath

A tubular synovial sac that surrounds a tendon and reduces friction during movement

Plane joint

A synovial joint in which relatively flat surfaces slide past one another

Hinge joint

A synovial joint that primarily permits flexion and extension in one plane

Pivot joint

A synovial joint that permits rotation around a single axis

Condylar joint

A biaxial synovial joint in which an oval surface fits into a shallow depression

Saddle joint

A biaxial synovial joint with opposing surfaces that are each concave in one direction and convex in another

Ball-and-socket joint

A multiaxial synovial joint in which a rounded bone surface fits into a cup-shaped socket

Flexion

Angle decreases between two bones

Extension

Angle increases between two bones

Lateral flexion

Bending the head or trunk to the right or left

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the body’s midline

Adduction

Movement of a body part toward the body’s midline

Elevation

Movement of a body part upward

Depression

Movement of a body part downward

Protraction

Anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Retraction

Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Rotation

Movement in which a bone turns around its longitudinal axis

Medial rotation

Rotation of a bone toward the body’s midline

Lateral rotation

Rotation of a bone away from the midline

Supination

turns palm anteriorly or upward

Pronation

turns palm posteriorly or downward

Dorsiflexion

Movement that raises the toes toward the shin

Plantar flexion

Movement that points the toes downward

Labrum

A rim of fibrocartilage that deepens a joint socket and helps improve stability

Meniscus

A crescent-shaped fibrocartilage pad that improves the fit between articulating surfaces

Articular disc

A fibrocartilage structure that may divide a synovial joint cavity into separate compartments