Human Anatomy and Health Services Foundations Review

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank review cards for introductory human anatomy, skeletal and muscular systems, body tissues, organs, and body systems.

Anatomy is defined as the study of the __________ of the body and how these structures are related.

structure

Physiology is defined as the study of the __________ of the body.

functions

In standard anatomical position, the body is assumed to be standing, feet together, arms to the side, and head, eyes, and palms facing __________.

forward

Fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided to facilitate viewing a structure are called __________ of the body.

planes

In this anatomical plane diagram, the plane that divides the body horizontally into upper and lower segments is the __________ plane.

Transverse

Directional terms are used to show where a structure or organ is in relation to another, usually along one of three major body __________.

planes

The directional term __________ means higher or toward the upper part of the body.

Superior

The directional term __________ means lower or toward the lower part of the body.

Inferior

The directional term __________ means toward the midline of the body.

Medial

The directional term __________ means away from the midline of the body.

Lateral

The directional term __________ means toward or at the front of the body.

Anterior

The directional term __________ means toward or at the back of the body.

Posterior

The directional term __________ means closer to the origin or point of attachment of a limb.

Proximal

The directional term __________ means farther from the origin or point of attachment of a limb.

Distal

The human body can be divided into __________ main regions.

five

The trunk region of the human body consists of the thorax, abdominals, and __________.

pelvis

The upper extremities region includes the arms, wrist, and __________.

hand

The lower extremities region includes the legs, ankle, and __________.

feet

The adult human skeletal system consists of __________ bones joined together.

206

At birth, the human skeleton contains roughly __________ bones.

270

The production of blood cells in bones is called __________.

hemopoiesis

Ribs and scapula are classified as __________ bones.

flat

Vertebrae are classified as __________ bones.

irregular

The femur is an example of a __________ bone.

long

Carpals in the hand and tarsals in the foot are examples of __________ bones.

short

Bones that develop within tendons are called __________ bones.

sesamoid

The largest sesamoid bone in the human body is the __________.

patella

In long bone anatomy, the end of the long bone is called the __________.

Epiphysis

In long bone anatomy, the shaft or central part of the long bone is called the __________.

Diaphysis

In the long bone anatomy diagram, the structure labeled at the central shaft is the __________.

Diaphysis

The ends of long bones are lined with __________ cartilage to allow for articulation.

Articular

The sheath covering bone that provides nutrient blood for bone cells is the __________.

Periosteum

Spongy bone in the epiphysis consisting of interwoven beams is called __________ bone.

Cancellous

The interwoven beams of bone in cancellous bone are called __________.

trabeculae

Dense bone characterized by microscopic hollow cylinders called haversian systems is __________ bone.

Compact

The axial skeleton consists of the skull, sternum, spine, and __________.

ribs

The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and __________ extremities.

lower

On bone features, a large bump is known as a __________.

Tuberosity

On bone features, a projection is known as a __________.

Process

On bone features, a smaller bump is known as a __________.

Tubercle

A lateral bony knob on a long bone is called a __________.

Condyle

A smaller bony knob that appears above a condyle is called an __________.

Epicondyle

When a muscle shortens during contraction, it undergoes __________ contraction.

concentric

In movement, muscles NEVER push; they always __________.

PULL

The attachment of a muscle to a fixed bone is called the __________.

origin

The attachment of a muscle to a moving bone is called the __________.

insertion

During elbow flexion, the biceps brachii contracts while the triceps brachii is __________.

stretched

The primary muscle effecting a desired joint movement is called the prime mover or __________.

agonist

Muscles that potentially or actually oppose or resist a movement are called __________.

antagonists

Muscles that stabilize more proximal joints during weightbearing functions are called __________.

fixators

Undesired movements during specific actions are resisted by neutralizers, also known as __________.

synergists

When an individual moves a joint through its range of motion without any assistance, it is called __________ ROM.

Active

When assistance from a therapist or equipment is used to move a joint with no patient effort, it is called __________ ROM.

Passive

In forearm movements, external rotation of the forearm or hand is called __________.

Supination

In forearm movements, internal rotation of the forearm or hand is called __________.

Pronation

In ankle movements shown, pointing the toes downward toward the ground is called __________.

Plantarflexion

In ankle movements, lifting the foot upward toward the shin is called __________.

Dorsiflexion

Turning the sole of the foot inward so the medial border is elevated is called __________.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward so the lateral border is elevated is called __________.

Eversion

A tissue is defined as a group of similar __________ working together to do a specific job.

cells

In the tissue histology diagram, the type of muscle tissue found in the heart is __________ muscle.

Cardiac

Skeletal muscle movement is under __________ control.

voluntary

Smooth muscle is found in the stomach and digestive system where movement is not under __________ control.

conscious

Adipose tissue is an example of __________ tissue.

connective

An organ is a structure that contains at least __________ different types of tissues functioning together.

two

The stomach is composed of muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and glandular __________ tissue.

epithelial

The brain uses __________ percent of the body's energy.

20

The brain makes up only __________ percent of the body's total weight.

2

The human heart can create enough pressure to squirt blood a distance of __________ feet.

30

An average person takes about 20,000 breaths each day, bringing almost __________ liters of air into the lungs.

10,000

The main function of the lungs is __________.

gas exchange

The liver filters over a liter of blood each __________.

minute

The liver lies on the __________ side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm.

right

The liver converts toxic nitrogen waste products into __________.

urea

The stomach produces a new layer of mucus every __________ weeks to prevent self-digestion.

two

Over __________ gallons of recycled blood are pumped through the kidneys every day.

50

The spleen is located tucked under the __________ side of the diaphragm.

left

The outer, relatively thin, tough layer of the skin is the __________.

Epidermis

In the skin diagram, the thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue underlying the epidermis is the __________.

Dermis

The layer of fat below the dermis that insulates the body and provides padding is the __________ layer.

Subcutaneous

In the body cavity diagram, the cavity located within the skull that houses the brain is the __________ cavity.

cranial

The thoracic cavity contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, and __________.

aorta

The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, small/large intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, and __________.

pancreas

The human body is composed of __________ distinct organ systems.

twelve

The main role of the circulatory system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, gases, and __________ throughout the body.

wastes

The immune system relies on white blood cells, T-cells, and __________ to destroy pathogens.

B-cells

Adduction of a joint moves a bone __________ the midline of the body.

toward

Abduction of a joint moves a bone __________ from the midline of the body.

away