APUSH Period 4 Vocab Set (Key people)

Thomas Jefferson

3rd U.S. President who orchestrated the Louisiana Purchase, commissioned Lewis and Clark, and passed the Embargo Act of 1807.

Lewis and Clark

Explorers commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to survey and map the western territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase.

James Madison

4th U.S. President who led the nation through the War of 1812 and co-authored the Federalist Papers.

James Monroe

5th U.S. President whose term marked the Era of Good Feelings and who established the Monroe Doctrine foreign policy.

John Q. Adams

6th U.S. President who secured the Adams-Onís Treaty as Secretary of State and won the disputed 1824 election.

Andrew Jackson

7th U.S. President who expanded voting rights, fought the Bank War, passed the Indian Removal Act, and addressed the Nullification Crisis.

Martin Van Buren

8th U.S. President whose administration was dominated by the economic fallout of the Panic of 1837.

Henry Clay

Kentucky statesman who crafted the American System and brokered the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850.

Daniel Webster

Massachusetts Senator and orator who championed federal supremacy and Union preservation during the Webster-Hayne debate.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina politician who authored the doctrine of nullification defending state rights and Southern slaveholding interests.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who established judicial review and expanded federal authority through key constitutional rulings.

John Deere

Inventor of the steel plow in 1837, accelerating agricultural cultivation across Western prairie soils.

Cyrus McCormick

Inventor of the mechanical reaper, revolutionizing grain harvest productivity across American agriculture.

Samuel Slater

"Father of the American Industrial Revolution" who brought British textile machinery blueprints to build the first U.S. cotton mill.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Essayist, philosopher, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement advocating self-reliance and individual divine intuition.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist author of Walden and "Civil Disobedience" advocating passive resistance against unjust government actions.

Margret Fuller

Transcendentalist author and advocate for women's rights who edited The Dial and wrote Woman in the Nineteenth Century.

George Ripley

Transcendentalist thinker who founded the Brook Farm utopian community in Massachusetts.

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River School known for painting romanticized American wilderness landscapes.

Edgar Allen Poe

Romantic author, poet, and literary critic famous for dark mystery, gothic fiction, and poetry.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Anti-transcendentalist novelist who explored themes of guilt, sin, and morality in works like The Scarlet Letter.

Washington Irving

Early American short story author known for folklore tales like "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."

Charles Grandison Finney

Prominent Second Great Awakening revivalist minister known for emotional preaching and promoting social reform movements.

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism) who published the Book of Mormon in 1830.

Ann Lee

Leader of the Shakers who taught celibacy, spiritual equality, and communal living in early utopian societies.

William Miller

Baptist preacher who launched the Millerite movement predicting the imminent second coming of Christ.

Dorothea Dix

Reform advocate who exposed brutal prison and asylum conditions, spearheading state mental health institutions.

Horace Mann

Educational reformer who championed tax-supported common public schools and standardized teacher training.

Susan B. Anthony

Women's rights and suffrage leader who co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association with Stanton.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist and editor of The Liberator who demanded immediate and uncompensated emancipation.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave, orator, abolitionist leader, and publisher of the antislavery newspaper The North Star.

Harriet Tubman

Escaped enslaved woman, Underground Railroad conductor, and abolitionist who led hundreds to freedom in the North.

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and women's rights activist renowned for her speeches linking racial equality and gender emancipation.

Grimke Sisters

Sarah and Angelina Grimké, Southern-born abolitionists and women's rights advocates who spoke publicly against slavery.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women's rights activist who organized the Seneca Falls Convention and authored the Declaration of Sentiments.

Lucretia Mott

Quaker abolitionist and women's rights leader who helped organize the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention.

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of the women's suffrage movement who campaigned continuously for voting rights and women's property equality.