AP Euro Unit 2 B Vocab

1520s Peasant’s Rebellion

a massive popular uprising in German-speaking Central Europe where rural peasants and farmers revolted against abusive local lords and economic exploitation, incorrectly believing Martin Luther and his concept of "Christian freedom" would support their social and political emancipation.

John Calvin

French Protestant reformer who established a systematic theology centered on predestination and led the city of Geneva as a disciplined model community during the Reformation

Huguenots

French Calvinist Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who faced severe religious persecution and fled France in large numbers. Followed the theological teachings of John Calvin, emphasizing the sovereignty of God and salvation by faith alone.

idolatry

the worship of physical images, statues, or relics as if they were divine, or assigning supreme religious devotion to anything other than God.

iconoclasm

the deliberate destruction of religious icons, statues, stained glass, and other images or monuments.

dissenter

a Protestant who disagreed with or separated from the established Church of England

Henry VIII

the Tudor King of England who ruled from 1509 to 1547 and used the Act of Supremacy in 1534 to split from the Catholic Church. A New Monarch, he finished the state-building started by his father, Henry VII. He added religious control to royal taxes and courts.

Edward VI

the Protestant king of England from 1547 to 1553 who moved the Church of England significantly toward Protestant doctrine during his brief reign. He was the only legitimate Henry VIII and Jane Seymour.

Defense of the Seven Sacraments (Assertio Septem

Sacramentorum)

a theological treatise written by King Henry VIII of England in 1521 to attack Martin Luther and defend the Catholic Church.

Catherine of Aragon

the first wife of King Henry VIII of England and the catalyst for the English Reformation

annulment

a formal declaration by the Catholic Church that a marriage was never validly contracted in the first place. Henry VIII sought this for his marriage with Catherine of Aragon

excommunication

a powerful punishment used by the Catholic Church that officially excludes an individual from participating in the sacraments and services of the Church

erastian

the political and theological view that the state is supreme over the church in all religious and ecclesiastical matters

Thomas More

English humanist and statesman and chancellor of England (1529–32) who was beheaded for refusing to accept King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England. His book Utopia coined that term to describe an ideal community.

Thomas of Cromwell

he principal adviser (1532–40) to England’s Henry VIII, chiefly responsible for establishing the Reformation in England, for the dissolution of the monasteries, and for strengthening the royal administration.

The Act of Supremacy of 1534

a 1534 law passed by the English Parliament that declared King Henry VIII and his successors to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England, legally cutting all religious and political ties with the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church

Mary Tudor

“Bloody Mary”, the daughter of Henry the VIII and Catherine of Aragon. The Catholic Queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1558 who unsuccessfully tried to restore Roman Catholicism by executing hundreds of Protestants

Dissolution of the Monasteries

King Henry VIII's systematic closure of Catholic abbeys, monasteries, and convents in England, Wales, and Ireland to seize their wealth and lands for the Crown.

Pilgrimage of Grace 1536

a massive 1536–1537 popular rebellion in Northern England against King Henry VIII’s break with the Catholic Church and the dissolution of monasteries

Elizabeth I

established a "middle way" for the Church of England (Anglican Church) via the Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity. Protestant and eventually excommunicated from the Catholic Church, leading to assassination attempts by Catholics. She required outward conformity to moderate Protestantism while tolerating private beliefs. Daughter of Henry VIII

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to rid the Church of England of remaining Roman Catholic traditions and ceremonies. Emphasized a personal covenant with God, strict self-discipline, and intense moral purity in daily life and worship

cuius regio eius religio

“Whose realm, his religion”: The ruler of the land determines the religion. political and religious doctrine, established by the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, allowed rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the official religion of their territory. This agreement aimed to end religious conflict between Lutherans and Catholics, though it did not recognize other Protestant denominations like Calvinism