PSY 200 module 3

Learning

Change in behavior/knowledge that is the result of experience

Types of learning

1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning

3. Observational Learning

Classical conditioning

Associates a stimulus and another stimulus

Opperant Conditioning

associates a behavior and its consequences

Observational learning

Learning through watching, not association

Pavlov

Studied classical conditioning

What are the 4 components of classical conditioning?

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Conditioned Response (CR)

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism. (food)

unconditioned response

A natural reaction to a given stimulus. (salivation)

conditioned stimulus

A stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with the US (ticking)

conditioned response

The behaviour being caused by the CS (salivation)

stimulus generalization

stimuli similar to CS triggers CR (metronome + snapping)

stimulus discrimination

only CS triggers CR (metronome, not snapping)

John watson

experimented with little Albert and demonstrated how emotions/behavior can be conditioned using classical conditioning.

BF Skinner

Known for employing shaping in his experiments

components of opperant conditioning

positive and negative reinforcement and punishment

positive reinforcement

something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior

negative reinforcement

something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

positive punishment

something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

negative punishment

Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

continuous reinforcement

rewarded every time you exhibit behavior

partial reinforcement

rewarded sometimes

partial reinforcement schedules

1. fixed interval

2. variable interval

3. fixed ratio

4. variable ratio

fixed interval

based on a time that stays the same (baking cookies)

Variable Interval

based on a time that varies/changes (checking social media)

fixed ratio

based on a number that stays the same (frequent eater program)

variable ratio

based on a number that varies/changes (slot machine)

Bandura

Demonstrated observational learning with Bobo the Clown

vicarious

what type of reinforcement/punishment is there for observational learning?

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

Memory

the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

automatic and effortful

processes for encoding

automatic processing

remembering without trying to

effortful processing

requires attention to remember it

self reference effect

relating info to oneself

types of memory storage

1. sensory

2. short term

3. long term

sensory memory

very brief storage of iconic or echoic senses, iconic lasting less than a second and echoic lasting only a few seconds

short term memory

working memory that lasts for a very brief time

long term memory

unlimited and continuous storage of information

types of long term memory

explicit - memories we consciously tried to remember.

implicit - long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness.

types of explicit memory

episodic - personally experienced events

semantic - knowledge about words, concepts, and language - based knowledge in facts

what two types of implicit memories is there?

procedural - stores information about the way to do something, and it is the memory for skilled actions.

emotional conditioning - classically conditioned emotional responses.

types of retrieval

recall - access information without cues

recognition - recognizing information that you have previously learned.

Relearning - learning info you have previously learned.

what parts of the brain are involved with memory?

amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex

amygdala

fear + fear memories

hippocampus

associated with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory

cerebellum

processes procedural memories

prefrontal cortex

involved in remembering semantic tasks

types of amnesia

retrograde amnesia - can't remember old info

anterograde amnesia - can't remember new info

reconstruction

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

suggestibility

describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Eyewitness misidentification

incorrect identification of a person or object

misinformation effect

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

false memories

recall of false autobiographical memories

SKIP

SKIP

levels of processing

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

20 seconds

how long short term (working) memory lasts

problems with memory

1. amnesia

2. memory reconstruction

3. forgetting

forms of reconstruction

1. suggestibility

2. eyewitness misidentification

3. misinformation effect

4. false memories

encoding failure

not knowing because we never committed it to memory (lincoln on the penny)

retrieval failure

being unable to remember facts due to proactive or retroactive interference

proactive interference

old info hinders recall of new info

retroactive interference

new info hinders recall of old info

shaping

rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior

5-9 bits

the amount of information short term memory can hold onto

explicit memory

long-term memory that is episodic or semantic

implicit memory

long-term memory that is procedural or emotional

types of retrieval

• recall

• recognition

• relearning

declarative / explicit memory

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

effortful processing

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

transience

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning where organism begins to connect stimuli

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response