Endocrine System

Endocrine system

Made up of organs and glands that produce, store and release hormones.

Exocrine glands

Release hormones into a duct to target cells.

Endocrine glands

Release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Negative feedback loop

Hormone release stops in response to decrease in stimulus.

Positive feedback loop

Action of hormone continues if stimulus is present.

Pituitary gland

Master gland of the endocrine system (brain).

anterior secretes of pituitary gland but relased by

Growth hormone - body grown

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH - regulates thyroid gland

follicle stimulating hormone FSH - growth of ova and sperm

Lutenizing hormone LH - stimulates ovulation and testosterone in males

Prolactin - causes the breasts to grow and make milk during pregnanacy and after birth

posterior release controlled by the pitautry gland but HYPOTHALAMUS

Antidiuretic hormone ADH - stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys

oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during labor and relase of breast milk

Pineal gland

secretes melatonin - regulates onset of puberty and biological clock

Myxedema

Swelling of the skin and underlying tissues, seen in severe hypothyroidism.

Hormones

regulate chemical reactions in cells

control function of the organs, tissue, and other cell.

chemicals used to increase or decrease activity of specifc taregt cells.

aids the body in homeostasis

two types of gland

exocrine - release hormones into duct to target cells - specific

endocrine- release hormones directly into the bloodstream

Thyroid gland

Base of the neck and below the adams apple

T3 and T4 - cellular metabolsim

Calcitonin - increases bone calcium

Thymus

posterior to the sternum

Thymosin - development of cells in the immune system

the thymus is only important up until adolescense and it falls off since immunity built for that person

Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone - regulates calcium

Pancreas

behind the stomach and infront of the spine.

has both endocrine and exocrine functions

alpha cells - glucagon - increases blood sugars

beta cells - insulin - lowers blood sugars

Adrenal glands

located on top of both kidneys. prolonged stress inhibits the body’s immune response by secreting cortisol

aldosterone - regulates electrolytes and fluid volume

cortisol - regulates carbohydrates

epinephrine - fight or flight response

norepinephrine - vasconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).which increases blood pressure

ovaries

estrogen - development of secondary sex characteristics in females, regulate menses

progesterone - prepares the body for pregnancy

Testes

testosterone - sperm production, secondary sex charactertitsics in males

diabetes mellitus

chronic disease characterizied by elevated blood glucose levels

type 1 diabetes

body stops making insulin, usually born with disorder, requires insulin replacement

type 2 diabetes

associated with obesity, genetic predisposition

gestational diabetes

occurs during pregnancy usually temporary, once born usually gone

polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS

irrecular menstural periods, elevated hormone levels, cysts on ovaries

Gigantism acromegaly

results from an excess of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

hyperthyrodisms (graves disease)

autoimmune disorder, excessive thyoird hormone, weight loss, heat tolerance, anxiety, increased heart rate

hypothyroidism

underactive thyorid gland, weight gain, fatigue, slow heart rate, myxedema swelling of the sin and underlying tissues)

cretinism

a condition of sevre physical and mental retardation due to iodine deficiency, and specifically due to deficiency of thyroid hormones during early pregnancy

Cushings syndrome

high levels of the hormone cortisol from the adrenal glands over long periods of time

goiter

irregular growth of the thyroid gland, treated with iodine or surgery

Aden/o

Gland- part of the body that secretes hormones, such as the adenoids in the throat

Adrenal/o

Adrenal glands- located on top of the kidneys, responsible for producing hormones like adrenals

Calc/o

Calcium- mineral that regulates various body function, including bone health

Cortic/o

Córtex - outer layer of certain organs

Crin/o

To secrete

Estr/o

Estrogen - primary female sex hormone, vital for reproductive and other physiological processes

Gluc/o

Glucose- vital energy source and plays a central role in blood sugar regulation

Glyc/o

Sugar - particularly glucose

Home/o

Sameness or equilibrium - maintains balance within the body internal system

Kal/i

Potassium - electrolyte crucial for nerve and muscles function and overall body health

Pancreat/o

Páncreas- organ that produces insulin and digestive enzymes, impacting both sugar regulation and digestion

Parathyroid/o

Parathyroid glands - small glands located near the thyroid, responsible for calcium balance in the body

Pituitar/o

Pituitary gland - the master gland in the brain, controlling other endocrine glands and hormone secretion

Thyr/o

Thyroid cartilage

Thyroid/o

Thyroid gland - responsible for regulating metabolism and producing thyroid hormones