PPE exam 1

theory

collection of related assumptions about the world that can be used to develop testable hypotheses

to treat hysteria:

catharsis and hypnotic treatment

the unconscious

drives, urges, instincts that motivate thoughts and behavior without awareness

preconscious (btwn unconscious and conscious)

stored info that enters awareness upon cue

conscious

what is in awareness in the current moment (sensation/perception); leaks from preconscious/unconscious

the id

completely unconscious; hedonistic; satisfy pleasure

the ego

all consciousness levels; wants to balance id and superego demands along with constraints of the real world through reality principle

superego

in all consciousness levels; strives for ideal behavior through moralistic principle; what we should do vs shouldn’t

sex drive - eros (cupid)

pleasure motivates behavior and the extent varies across ppl

aggression drive- thanatos

people have aggressive impulses and vary in their resistance against them

repression

forcing threatening feeling into the unconscious

reaction formation

creating and maintaining a belief opposite the initially felt belief and adopting it as your own

displacement

redirecting unacceptable feeling towards a diff object/person

fixation

getting psychologicaly stuck at a phase in development

regression

reverting to early stages of psychological development

projection

attributing undesirable feelings or thought in oneself to others

introjection

incorporating + qualities of other ppl into one’s self-concept

sublimation

turning unwanted urges into smth socially/culturally productive

dream analysis

utilizing free associations more readily created in dreams for therapeutic interpretation

manifest content

what you remember seeing in the dream; transformed uncon. thoughts/feelings

latent content

underlying hidden meaning of the dream

individual psych

all humans are unique although socially motivated and driven to overcome inferiority

adler’s first assumption

one dynamic force behind ppl’s behavior is striving for superiority/success

superiority

“bad” way; without concern for others'; not thinking about how problems affect all

success

“good” way; goals beyond self'; problems to be accomplished by group

final goal

strive for this; personalized, intangible goal created by indiv.

adler’s second assumption

ppl’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality

fiction

ideas that have no real existence yet impact ppl as if they do

Adler’s 3rd assumption

personality is unified and self-consistent (within indiv.)

organ dialect

body talks through physical symptom manifestation

example of unity , not organ dialect

harmony btwn consc. and uncons. desires

fourth assumption

value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpt of social interest

social interest

social feeling or community feeling; oneness w humanity

5th assumption

self-consistent personality structure develops into a “style of life”

style of life

unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, behavior utilized to strive for the final goal

final assumption

style of life is molded by ppl’s creative power

creative power

concrete force that allows ppl to shape personality, style of life

safeguarding tendencies

protective behaviors meant to preserve the feelings of superiority (diff from defense mechanisms bc ST are largely conscious

family constellations

how birth order impacts development

personality psych

focuses on patterns within the indiv. that make ppl diff from one another

social psych

focuses more on how situations and other ppl influence behavior

hypothesis

specific, testable prediction

taxonomy

system used to classify/organize things

free choice v determinism

are ppl free to choose, or are their actions determined by other factors

optimism v pessimism

are ppl viewed as having + potential, or are they more limited/flawed

teleology v casuality

behavior influenced by future goals or behavior explained by previous causes/experiences

conscious v unconscious

is behavior mainly influenced by things we are unaware of or unaware of

biological v social

is personality mainly influenced by bio or social/environmental factors

uniqueness v similiarity

are fundamentally unique, or do ppl share important characteristics

psychosexual development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, gential

free association

pt says whatever thoughts come to mind wo deliberately filtering them

connection of final goal

Inferiority → striving → final goal → style of life

parenting can influence development of:

social interest, inferiority, striving

basic anxiety

feeling isolated and helpless

basic hostility

anger towards parents when childhood needs aren’t adequately met

moving toward

protect oneself against helplessness; affection & approval, powerful partner, restricting life within narrow limits

moving against

everyone’s hostile; power, exploitation, prestige, personal admiration, personal ambition

moving away

discomfort of isolation by becoming self-sufficient; self-sufficiency &independence, perfection & unassailability (secure)

cultural structure (culture>bio)

culture/competition → basic hostility → basic anxiety → neurotic needs/coping

idealized self-image

creating unrealistic + version of urself when u struggle to achieve self-realization

personal unconscious (1 of 2 parts of unconsc)

individual’s repressed, forgotten experiences

collective unconscious (2 of 2 parts of uncon)

shared, inherited psychological patterns

self

represents the whole personality

archetype (what collective unconscious yields)

patterns of inherited behavior; heavily linked to and expressed by dreams

persona

social mask represented to others

shadow

parts of urself you don’t want to acknowledge

anima

unconscious feminine; influences “feeling and mood”

animus

unconscious masculine; influences “thinking and opinion”

great mother

represents 2 opposing forces in fertility and destruction; = care, safety, dependence, safety

wise old man

=knowledge, wisdom, guidance, judgement

individuation

process of becoming psychologically whole indiv. (becoming complete self)

mandala

representation of personality split (2 attitudes)

introversion

energy flows inward; rely on subjective interpretation

extraversion

energy flows outward; rely on interaction

4 functions

thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition

word association

responding to words/stimuli and examining reactions

dream analysis

using dreams to explore unconscious material

active imagination

deliberately engaging with images/thoughts from the unconscious