WHO, AID, individual and social action

What is the overall goal of WHO?

To promote, provide, and protect health and wellbeing for all people, everywhere

What are the three goals of WHO?

-Promote health: Healthier populations

-Provide health: Universal health coverage

-Protect health: Health emergencies

List the objectives of ‘Promote health: Healthier populations’

-Respond to climate change, which is an increasing health threat

-Address health determinants and the main causes of ill health

List the objectives of ‘Provide health: Universal health coverage’

-Advance primary health care and essential health system capacities for universal health coverage

-Improve health service coverage and financial protection to address inequity and gender inequalities (ensures healthcare is affordable for all)

List the objectives of ‘Protect health: Health emergencies’

-Prevent, mitigate, and prepare for risks to health from all hazards

-Rapidly detect and sustain an effective response to all health emergencies

What does ‘responding to climate change’ mean? (WHO goal 1 objective)

-building environmentally sustainable health systems that are resilient to climate-related diseases; increases the ability to prepare, respond to, and recover from climate-related events

-Helps ensure health services are not damaged so there is no interruption to health service delivery.

What does ‘addressing health determinants the main causes of ill health’ mean? (WHO Goal 1 objective)

-The conditions in which people are born, grow, work, and live have a significant effect on their H&W and must be addressed for more people to enjoy good H&W (this includes addressing the barriers related to gender equality and discrimination)

-Greater efforts are needed to involve and empower people in the decisions that affect their H&W.

What does advancing primary health care and essential health system capacities for univseral health coverage’ mean? (WHO Goal 2 Objective)

-People must be able to access high-quality health services that meet the H&W needs of the community, regardless of where people live

-Healths services must have enough trained health workers to provide quality health services, including health workers with safe and healthy working enviornments.

What does ‘improve health service coverage and financial protection to address inequtiy and gender inequalities’ mean? (WHO Goal 2 Objective)

-Improvements in the equitable access to quality healath services for the prevention, early detection, treastment, and management of NCDs, mental health conditions, and communicable diseases, especially for marignalised people.

-Gender-based violence and harmful practices such as female genital mutilation must be addressed.

What does ‘prevent, mitigate, and prepare for risks to health from all hazards’ mean? (WHO goal 2 objective)

-There must be better detection, prevention, and responses to new and emerging diseases and other sources of hazards.

-Development of public health measures for mass gatherings and travel

-Improving biosafety and biosecurity practices that also protect health workers and patients.

What does ‘rapidly detect and sustain an effecitve response to all health emergencies’ mean? (WHO goal 3 objective)

-All people must have quick access to essential health services during emergencies

-Health impacts of crises must be reduced and equitable and sustainable access to essential health and nutrition services during all emergencies must be ensured.

Define aid

-Assistance given to countries or communities in thge event of a crisis for the development of long-term sustainable improvements

List the three different types of aid

-Bilateral aid

-Multilateral aid

-Aid provided by non-government organisations

Define humanitarian assitance (not aid)

-Rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as conflict and natural disasters (flood, tsunamis)

-Short-term aid, usually needed to keep people alive

-USually includes the provision of food, water, medicines, and shelter - could involve personnel (doctors, emergency workers from other countries or aid organisations)

What are 2 dangers of humanitarian assistance?

-By being immediate it provides short term iprovements to health and wellbeing, and does not address the underlying causes of poverty

-Providing emergency aid beyond this could lead to countries becoming dependent upon handouts rather than support to rebuild their communities for longer term sustainable development

How can humanitarian assistance promote H&W?

Humanitarian assistance provides necessary resources such as clean water, healthcare, food, and shelter, which aims to protect people from communicable diseases and keep them alive during times of distress, thus increasing physical health and wellbeing.

How can humanitarian assistance promote HD?

-provides individuals with essential resources such as food and shelter, meaning that they can eat foods that provide them with the energy to participate in the life of the community. This means that they can make new connections in the community by volunteering to help out other people in need.

Define bilateral aid

Aid that is goven from one government to another country’s government

What is the purpose of bilateral aid, and how does it meet this purpose?

-To help reduce poverty and bring about long-term sustianable development

-Meets this purpose by helping government of recipient countries strengthen their economic, policital, health and education systems so they can eventually become self-sufficient.

How does bilateral aid work?

-Through consultation, donor countries works with the recipient country to ensure that the programs implemented meet the needs of the country and its people

What are some examples of the bilateral aid programs?

-Funding of small community-based projects such as immunisation programs

-Build schools and provide education programs

-Provision of a water treatment plant and other large-scale infrastructure projects

What are 2 downsides to bilateral aid?

-Sometimes attracts criticism because goods and services may be provided by companies from the donor country, thereby favouring its own economy and political interests

-If government of the recipient country is corrupt, funds may not be spent on their intended purpose

How can risks associated with bilateral aid be minimised?

Donor countries must regularly evaluate their aid programs and the effectiveness of the aid provided in terms of poverty reduction and the acheivement of health and development outcomes.

Bilateral aid x HW

Bilateral aid provides education programs, which helps adults and children create meaningful and satisfying relationships, thus increasing their social health and wellbeing

Bilateral aid x HD

Bilateral aid asists in reducing poverty, which means people are more likely to be able to access preventative healthcare, reducing ill health and supporting people to live a long and healthy life. This means that they are more likely to have the ability to pursue their interests, such as sports and hobbies.

Define multilateral aid

Aid that is provided through international organsiations such as World Bank, United Nations (UN), or World Health Organisation (WHO

-These organisations combine donations from several countries and to support countries in need

What is the purpose of multilateral aid?

To reduce poverty, achieve equity in health outcomes, and promote long-term sustainable development

State examples of what multilateral aid can do

-Address global issues such as global warming

-Control diseases such as COVID-19

-Provide infrastructure projects such as roads and sanitation systems

How can multilateral aid promote health outcomes?

-Better agriculture and more secure food supplies reduce malnutrition and hunger, reducing U5MR and promoting physical health and wellbeing

-Reducing povety means money is available to access healthcare, reducing death by communicable diseases and therefore improving life expectancy

How does multilateral aid promote human development?

-Greater access to food through multilateral aid means people will not be hungry, and will have better health and energy to work and generate an income, which can provide resources needed to achieve a decent standard of living

What are NGOs?

-Non-government ornaisations are non-profit organisations that work to promote health and wellbeing and human development; they operate separately from governments

-Although being an NGO suggests no government involvement, many of these agencies rely on funding from the Australian government through its aid propgram, as well as through funds generated from public donations

What is NGO aid?

An important part of the overall aid program and complements bilateral and multilateral aid.

What are the advantages of aid provided by NGOs

-Focuses on small community-based projects targeted to specific needs of a community

-Focuses on health and wellbeing needs by promoting community development and participation

-Often have strong connections with local communities which means that trust is already established

LIst Examples of NGOs

-The International Red cross

-World vision

-CARE International

List Australian aid partnerships

-Bilateral partnerships

-Multilateral agencies

-Local communities or civil society

-Other government departments

-Universities

-Businesses

-Non-government agencies

What do ‘biliateral partnerships’ mean, and why is it important?

-When Australia provides aid to a country or responds to a humanitarian crisis or natural disasters, we do this by working with govenrments of other countries such as Canada, Japan, and New Zealand

-When countries work together to coordinate aid programs, it improves the delivery, impact, and sustainability of the aid provided by pooling resources and expertise, promoting health and HD outcomes

Why are partnerships between Aus. and ‘multilateral agencies’ important?

-Working with agencies such as the UN or the World Bank extends the reach of Australia’s aid programs because their large size allows them to implement proojects on a larger scale than is possible for Australia to do on its own

-Working with UN and its humanitarian agencies means carefully targeted programs can be put in place for humanitarian assistance and long-term development

Why are partnerships between Aus. and ‘local communities or civil society’ important?

-Working with local community groups or civil society allows local people to have their say on particular topics that affect them aand recommend solutions to government for a range of topics

-Involving the community ensures local needs are identified

Why are partnerships between Aus. and ‘other government departments’ important?

-DFAT works with many other govenrment departments and agencies, such as the Australian Federal police, which provides a wide range of expertise that helps Australia to address the development, economic, security, and political aspects of partner countries

Why are partnerships between Aus. and ‘universities’ important?

-DFAT works with a range of Australian universities to provide scholarships to students from low- and middle-income countries. These students will study in Australia and hopefully return to their communities with increased knowledge and skills to bring about positive change, reducing poverty and sustainable development

Why are partnerships between Aus. and ‘businesses’ important?

-Businesses in low and middle-income countries are important for the development of jobs, services, and income that promotes economic development

Why are partnerships between Aus. and non-govenrment agencies’ important?

-NGAs maximise the imapct and reach of Aus. Aid, help build sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty

-These agencies bring strong connections to local communities; access to area that others don’t or can’t each, such as in remote and conflict-affect areas

List the four features of effective aid programs

-Focused on achieving the right outcomes

-Involves partnerships and collaborations

-Monitoring and evaluation

-Ownership by the recipient country

How does ‘ownership by the recipient country’ contribute to effective aid?

-Recipient countries must be involved in deciding the type of aid that best meets their needs and whether it fits into their longer-term needs and plans for the country

-Programs need to be implemented in a socioculturally and politically sensitive way for the community

-Delivering messages in local language and using visual aids for those who are illiterate demonstrates an understanding of the community

How does ‘focusing on achieving the right outcomes’ contribute to effective aid?

-Making a difference and having a lasting impact on reducing poverty and inequality and promoting health outcomes and HD should be the main purpose for implementing an aid program, meaning it must focus on addressing patterns of illness within a country or community

-Programs should be free/low cost as many families live in poverty - this helps ensure the programs benefits those who need it the most

How does ‘partnerships and collaboration’ contribute to effective aid?

-By forming partnerships, the differing strengths of governments, NGOs, and local communities can be used to implement effective programs that make efficient use of resources and avoid duplicating other programs.

-Local communities need to have input into the deisgn and implementation of a program so the program is socioculturally appropriate

How does ‘monitoring and evaluation’ contribute to effective aid?

-Monitoring ensures that funding for the program is used for its intended purpose

-Ongoing evaluation is needed to check that the aims of the program are being met and that it is making a difference to the health health and HD of the target community.

Define social action

Using collective action to do somethign to help bring about positive change

-Not just about being part of large campaigns - there are many ways individuals can get involved to take social action and bring about change that makes a difference

List 5 ways people can take sociala ction

-Volunteer

-Donate money to NGOs such as World Vision

-Conduct fundraising events

-Sign petitions

-Develop awareness campaigns