distillation evaportion and crystilisation chromotagraphy

what is the point of simple distillattion

seperate out liquid from solution

what is the use of fractional distillation

seperate mixture of liquids with similar boiling points from a solution

filtration what is the use

seperate insoluble solids from liquids

use of crystillation

seperate insoluble solid from a solution

what is a solvent

the liquid a solute is placed in to make a solution

solute

component that mixes up with solvent to make a solution

e.g salt is solute and water is solvent so salt water is solution

what is the use of paper chromotography

seperate mixture of soluble substances and test for purity

how do you calculate rf value

distance travelled by solute divided by distance travelled by solvent

describe the process of distillation where pure water is produced from salt solution

solution is heated

water boiles/evaporates turning liquid into gas

the condenser condenses this gas back into the liquid(seperating salt from water)

pure water collected in beaker

how to setup a filtration experiment

1. Place a conical flask on a flat workbench.

2. Put a filter funnel securely into the neck of the flask.

3. Fold a circular piece of filter paper into a cone and place it inside the funnel.

4. Slowly pour the mixture into the paper cone.

5. Outcome: The solid (residue) stays in the paper; the liquid (filtrate) drips into the flask.

set up for crystalisation experiment

1. Place an evaporating basin on top of a gauze mat sitting on a tripod.

2. Position a Bunsen burner safely underneath the tripod.

3. Pour the solution into the basin and heat gently until half the liquid evaporates.

4. Dip a clean glass rod in; if crystals form on the tip, turn off the heat (crystallisation point).

5. Leave the remaining hot solution to cool slowly so large crystals can grow

simple distillation experiment setup

1. Pour the mixture into a distillation flask placed on a heat source.

2. Seal the flask top with a rubber bung holding a thermometer.

3. Connect the side arm of the flask to a Liebig condenser.

4. Attach water pipes so cold water enters the bottom jacket of the condenser and exits the top.

5. Place a receiving beaker at the end of the condenser to collect the pure liquid (distillate).

fractional distilation setup experiment

1. Follow the Simple Distillation setup but add a fractionating column filled with glass beads directly on top of the boiling flask.

2. Insert the thermometer at the very top of this fractionating column before it leads into the condenser.

3. Heat the mixture gently; the liquid with the lowest boiling point rises to the top first.

4. High-boiling-point liquids condense on the glass beads and drip back down into the flask until their boiling point is reached.

chromotagraphy setup

1. Draw a straight pencil line (the baseline) 2cm from the bottom of a strip of chromatography paper.

2. Place a tiny, concentrated spot of your sample mixture onto the pencil line using a capillary tube.

3. Pour a small amount of solvent (like water or ethanol) into a beaker.

4. Suspend the paper vertically in the beaker so the bottom edge dips in, ensuring the solvent level is below the pencil line.

5. Put a lid on the beaker to prevent evaporation and remove the paper just before the solvent front reaches the top.

A sample of solid ammonium chloride is heated in a boiling tube. After a few minutes ammonium chloride, a white solid, is also seen at the top of the boiling tube, as shown in Figure 9.

Explain how ammonium chloride is formed at the top of the boiling tube. (4)

ammonia and hydrogen chloride / gases form (in the forward reaction) (1) • the gas / gases rise to the top of the container (1) • where it is cooler / the gas(es) cool (1) • the reverse reaction takes place / reaction forms {white solid/ammonium chloride} (at the top of tube