Animal diversity

what does diversity mean

the variety and variability of life on earth

what did Carl Linnaeus do

grouped animals and humans together and identified multiple species of humans

why was Carl Linnaeus’s ideas unpopular

humans were created from god and not on the same level as animals

what ‘human species’ was at the top of the hierachal system

indigenous north americans

what human species were at the bottom of the hierachy

african/oceania indigenous people

what 4 scientists were involved with the developed kingdoms

1. john hogg & ernest haeckel

2. whittaker

3. carl woese

when did john hogg & ernest haeckel input their ideas

in the 1800’s

what were hogg’s & haeckel’s ideas?

• removed minerals from Carl Linnaeus kingdom as they were non-living

• start classifying protists = eukaryotic organisms that aren’t animal, plant or fungus

what did haeckel do

said there were 12 species and 36 races of humans

what time frame did whittaker input his ideas

1960/70s

what did whittaker do

created a more defined ida of kingdoms

• bacteria, protists, prokaryotes, fungi, plants and animals

what timeframe was carl woese around

1930s - 2012

what did woese do

• showed how our understanding of heritage and blueprint can be use to determine heritable links

• justified that there is an organisation bigger than kingdoms = domains

define biological blueprint

a natural pattern or genetic code that dictates how a living organism develops and functions

what is rRNA

a type of non-coding RNA that forms the core structural and catalytic components of ribosomes

what did the human genome project prove

that humans are 99.9% biologically related

which continent has the most diversity in humans

africa

what types of classification do we use in taxonomy

• morphology - what an organism looks like

• nucleic acid

what does biogeography mean

where an organisms lives/spends majority of their life

what are the 6 kingdoms currently

1. anamalia

2. plantae

3. fungi

4. protista

5. archaea

6. bacteria

what does ‘infra’ mean

classifiying organisms within a classification

what does ‘super’ mean

grouping several classes within a taxa together

what does ‘sub’ mean

dividing a large classification into smaller ones

what is binomial nomenclature

the formal two part naming systems used to identify every species of living organisms on earth

define an eponym

a real/fictional person, place or thing from which another person or places takes its name

• e.g. desis bobmarleyi

what is the idea of primacy

when a new animal is discovered, a submission of name and description is given to the international code of zoological nomenclature (ICZN)

what rules do the ICZN provide in relation to primacy

• can’t be offensive

• can be named after a person

• once a name is given it stay forever

what is the problem associated with eponyms

can cause endangerment as people may want species due to their name

• so there is a movement to remove eponyms

roughly how many species of animal of there worldwide

10 million

what is an animal

• multicellular

• large

• heterotrophic

• motile

• has a front and back

• epithelial cells made from true collagen fibres

• nervous system

• monophyletic clade

what is a clade

a bunch of organisms that came from the same ancestor

what 5 groups is animal phyla classified into

1. sponges (porifera)

2. placozoans

3. ctenophores

4. cnidarians

5. bilatarians

describe sponges (porifera)

• species ~ 8500

• spicules - hard body elements

• choanocytes - specialised feeding cells

• can be split into indivdual cells and they will rebuild (reaggregate)

what does sponge reaggregation show

how cells would have originally came together

how many placozoan species

25

describe placozoans

• no mouth or gut

• diploblastic

• fibre cells

• recently identified so not much is known about them

what are placozoan fibre cells

contractile fibres that enable movement

where are placozoans primarily found

aquarium glass walls

how many species of ctenophore

~ 200

where are ctenophores primarily found

marine environments

what is radial symmetry

when an organisms shape/body parts are arranged and repeated evenly around a central axis/point

what are organisms that have radial symmetry called

radiata

describe ctenophore characteristics

• diploblastic

• have a mesoglea

• complete gut

• 8 ctene

what is a ctene

fused cilia that acts as a locomotor organ to help swim

• often bioluminescent

what does diploblastic mean

developed from two primary germ layers - the ecto and endoderm

how many cnidarians species are there

~10,000

what does it mean if an organism has a gastrovascular cavity

one organ handles digestion and circulation

what is the polyp stage of life

when an organism is motile

what is the medusa stage of life

immobile

what is a nematocyst

a specialised stinging organ with coiled or barbed thread that is discharged to capture prey or defend against predation.

• when triggered toxins are rapidly injected

describe cnidarians characteristics

• gastrovascular cavity

• nematocysts

  • has two phases of life: polyp and medusa

characteristics of bilaterians

• triploblastic

• bilateral symmetry

what is bilateral symmetry

organisms that body lans are laid around a longitudinal axis with a front and rear end. as well as left-right symmetrical belly

what does triploblastic mean

an organism that devloped from 3 primary embryonic germ layers

• endoderm

• ectoderm

• mesoderm

what 2 groups are bilaterians split into

• protosomes

• dueterostome

what is a blastocyst

a group of developing cells

what is the role of a blastopore

defines whether an organism will be a protosome or deuterostome

what is a protostome

an organism which blastopore developed into mouth first

what is a deuterosome

an organism which blastopore developed into mouth second

describe the characteristics of flatworms

• structurally diverse

• free living

• segmented

• majority are parasites & tapeworms found in the gut

how many species of flatworms are there

30,000

what is a lophophore

a ciliated feeding tube

what is a trophophore

free living larval stage

describe the characteristics of annelids

• segmented

• worm-like round bodies

• ganglia

• thin, permeable bodies

how many annelids species are there

21,000 ~

what is ganglia

a collection of neurons coming together into a small ball of synapses

what animals are included in the mollusc phyla

octipi, smails, muscles and oysters

characteristics of mollusc

• large foot

• visceral mass

• mantle

how many mollusc species are there

50,000 - 200,000

what is a mollusc’s large foot

an organ used for locomotion, gripping and burrowing

characteristics of nematodes

• mainly round

• unsegmented

• thick cuticle

what is a nematodes thick cuticle used for

gas exchange

how many nematode species are there

millions

how many arthropod species are there

1 million

characteristics of athropods

• jointed appendages

• segmented

• chitin exoskeleton

how many chordata species are there

70,000 ~

characteristics of chordata

during some stage of development:

• dorsal hollow nerve chord

• tail that extends beyond the anus

• notochord = a dorsal supporting rod

define epoch

a huge expanse of time defined by a great event

how are organisms classified

using a taxonomic system which groups them based on shared characteristics starting with domain and getting more specific at species. the domain is split into 3 sub catergories: archaea, bacteria and eukarya

what are the 3 domains

• archaea

• bacteria

• eukarya

what niche does Platyhelminthes (flatworms) occupy

1. damp soils

2. inner gut