HDFS EXAM 3

Puberty

time between first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development

Puberty begins between ages…

8 and 14

Puberty is characterized by…

rapid physical growth and sexual maturation

Many more years are required to achieve…

psychosocial maturation

Hormonal sequence goes from…

hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

The pituitary gland sends hormonal messages through the ___ to the ___ and the ___

bloodstream; adrenal glands and gonads

The entire brain and body are transformed by…

puberty

Limbic system has to do with what?

fear and emotional impulses

Prefrontal cortex has to do with what?

planning ahead, emotional regulation and logic

The limbic system matures __ the prefrontal cortex

before

Prefrontal cortex limited in connections and engagement may be overwhelmed with…

impulses

Circadian means…

“about a day”

Day-night cycle of biological activity occurs…

approximately every 24 hours

__ influences the tendency toward evening or morning alertness

Genetics

___ and ___ work to make teenagers increasingly sleep-deprived with each year of high school

biology (circadian rhythms) and culture (parties and technology)

Sleep deprivation and irregular sleep schedules increase risk of…

• insomnia

• nightmares

• mood disorders (depression, conduct disorder, anxiety)

• falling asleep while driving

__ spectrum light has strong disruptive effect on circadian system

Blue

Later school opening have these positive outcomes:

• higher attendance and graduation rates

• strongest from low SES homes

Hormones, especially __, fuel emotional impulses

testosterone

Heightened arousal occurs in and influences the…

brain’s reward center (especially risk-taking)

During puberty, social approval is ___ and rejection from peers is especially ___.

crucial, painful

Influence of what interact during puberty?

genes, gender, weight, hormones, and stress

Physical growth factors based on diet

• cultural norms

• eating patterns and circadian rhythm

• mineral deficiencies

• fast food

• obesity

Eating choices and patterns are often influenced by perceptions of…

negative body image

About _% of US high school girls are trying to lose weight

60%

___ ____ markets unrealistic presentation of body

Social media

______ is multidimensional, complicated, and variable

Sexuality

Primary sex characteristics

parts of body that are directly involved in reproduction (uterus, ovaries, testicles, penis, etc.)

Secondary sex characteristics

observable physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity (body hair, breast development, body shape, etc.)

Secondary sex characteristics are important…

psychologically

Before 1980, the stereotype was that ___ were sexually driven while ___ thought sex was nasty

males, females

The body, brain, and behavior ___ interact

always

What are the domains of development?

physical, cognitive, and social & emotional

Sexual thoughts themselves can cause ___ and ___ processes, not just result from them

physiological and neurological

Rising ___ levels at puberty increase the likelihood of anger or frustration

cortisol

Emotions then increase…

hormones

Cortisol rises, making adolescents quick to react with…

passion, fury, shame, and ecstasy

____ causes all sex characteristics, but ____ determines their impact

Biology, psychology

The domains of development ___ interact

always

Many culturally influenced thoughts and behaviors reflect an increase understanding of…

sexuality

Adolescent egocentrism

thinking that leads young people (ages 10-13) to focus on self to exclusion of others

all others paying attention to them exclusively

Imaginary audience

belief that others are watching and taking note of appearance, ideas, and behavior

creates self-consciousness (acute)

Personal fable

characterized by an adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are more wonderful or awful than others

Invincibility fable

characterized by a belief of indestructibility

that they won’t get caught when doing wrong and that they won’t get hurt by engaging in risky behaviors

Formal operational thought (Piaget)

characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas

Adolescent cognition

one hallmark of formal operational thought is the capacity to think of possibility, not just reality

Hypothetical thought

reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality

Deductive reasoning

reasoning shaped from a general statement, premise or principle, through logical steps to figure out specifics

sometimes called top-down reasoning

Inductive reasoning

reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction

sometimes called bottom-up reasoning

Adolescents are more likely to be intuitive thinkers because of…

uneven brain maturation

Parents and teacher prefer ___, ___ thinking

slower, analytic

With age, adolescents become…

• more logical

• less overly optimistic

• less fatalistic

Adolescent hormones and brains are more attuned to what than to long-term consequences?

immediate admiration from peers

Adolescent psychosocial development is a search for a consistent…

understanding of oneself

Self-___ and self-___ become increasingly important at puberty

expression; concept

Erikson has to do with…

identity

Erikson believed that duration of adolescence lengthened which made identity achievement more…

complex

Identity

consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson’s term for the 5th stage of development, in which the person tried to figure out “who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt

Identity achievement

Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who they are as unique individuals

Role confusion and identity diffusion

does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is

Foreclosure

premature identity formation

Moratorium

an adolescent’s choice of socially acceptable ways to postpone identity-achievement decisions

Erikson’s highlighted aspects of identity

• religious identity

• political identity

• ethnic identity

• gender identity

• intersectionality

Search for identity creates vulnerability to…

depression and anxiety

Fluidity and uncertainty about ___ and ___ common during early adolescence

sex and gender

Family relationships affect…

identity, expectation, and daily life

Parents shift from giving direct guidance to…

providing advice

Peers become more ___ and sibling become ____

important, influential

4 aspects of family closeness

1. communication

2. support

3. connectedness

4. control

Parental monitoring

parents ongoing knowledge of what their children are doing, where and with whom

Suspicious and controlling monitoring foster…

deception and rebellion

When parents make a child feel guilty and impose…

gratefulness by threatening to withdraw love and support

Family interactions provide safe practice for…

social relationships with peers

Parent adolescent conflict typically peaks in…

early adolescence (usually more a sign of attachment than of distance)

Bickering

petty, peevish arguing; usually repeated and ongoing

Healthy parent-adolescent relationships enhance…

later peer relationships and more reciprocal romances

Peers are crucial for…

adolescent well-being

Peer pressure provides encouragement to conform to one’s friends in…

behavior, dress, attitude, etc.

Peer pressure is usually considered a negative force as when adolescent peers encourage one another to…

defy adult authority

Peer pressure is actually more ___ than society believes

positive

Romantic partners influence each other on…

a wide variety of things

Learning about sex from media…

internet provides info about STI (often scary/misleading), intense exposure linked to increased sexual activity

Learning about sex from parents…

parents are most important influence, communications are often incomplete

Same ___ friends are most common confidants

sex

Teacher sex education varies dramatically by ___ and ___

school and nation

Emerging adulthood

period between ages of 18 and 30

____ is last to mature in mid-20s

Brain

Emerging adulthood is defined more by…

social context by biological maturation

3 crucial habits

exercise, nutrition, and sleep

Physical activity protects…

against illness and health risks

Healthy diet…

sustains life

Sleep restores…

homestatic balance

Accumulated harm from sleep deprivation, inactivity, unhealthy eating, and son shortens life by…

10 years or more

Emerging adults have more serious ___ than do people of any other age

injuries

Drug/alcohol abuse more frequent among ___ ___ than those of the same age not in ___

college students; college.

Illegal drug use peaks at about age…

20, sharply decreases with age

Postformal thought

proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following Piaget’s 4 stages

Goes beyond adolescent thinking by being…

more practical

more flexible

less impulsive

less reactive

College is also correlated with…

better health