Unit 2 Cell respiration

Absorption

The transport of dissolved substances into cells.

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

ATP

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Autotroph

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

Cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane of plant, fungi, and prokaryotic cells and provides support to the cell

Cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Chromatin

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. DNA not condensed.

Chromosome

DNA molecule packaged into thread-like structures. Condensed DNA.

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Cytoplasm

the portion of the cell outside the nucleus

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. Forms vesicles.

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell by forming vesicles

Homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

Lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Membrane

A thin covering

Microfilament

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

Microtubule

Straight, hollow tube of proteins that gives rigidity, shape, and organization to a cell

Mitochondria

Organelle that is the site of cellular respiration or ATP (energy) production

Nuclear membrane

Surrounds the nucleolus and DNA. Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Organism

An individual living thing

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Plasmid

Small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria

Prokaryote

Unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

Ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates