Exam 3 - Intro to Applied Health Science

are health agencies that have authority for certain duties or tasks outlined by the governmental bodies that oversee them

governmental health agencies

they possess characteristics of both overnmental health agencies and nongovernmental agencies

• obtain their funding from a variety of sources, including community fundraising efforts such as the United Way, special allocations from government bodies, fees for services rendered, and donations

• they carry out tasks that are often thought of as services of governmental agencies, yet they operate independently of governmental supervision

quasi-governmental health agencies

operate, for the most part, free from governmental interference as long as they comply with the IRS guidelines for their tax status

• they are primarily funded by private donations, or as is the case with professional service groups, membership fees

• can be categorized into the following subgroups: voluntary, philanthropic, service, religious, and professional

nongovernmental health agencies

are some of the most visible health agencies in a community

• are a US creation and grew out of unmet needs in communities

• have four primary purposes: raise money to fund research and their programs, provide education to both professionals and the public, provide service to individuals and families affected by the disease or health problem, and to advocate for beenficial policies, laws, and regulations that impact the work of the agency and in turn the people it is trying to help

voluntary health agencies

play an important role by funding programs and research on the prevention, control, and treatment of diseases and other health problems

• they were created with an endowment and do not have to raise money

• they are able to finance long term projects that may be too expensive or risky to be funded by other agencies

philanthropic agencies

even though none of these gorupds has the primary purpose of enhancing the health of a community, they often get involved in health related projects

• health education specialists commonly interact with these groups as part of community coalitions or when they are seeking resources to fund or enhance their programs

service, fraternal, and religious groups

their mission is to promote the high standards of professional practice for their respective profression, thereby improving the health of society by improving the people in the profession

• the mission is carried out by advocating for the profession, keeping the members up to date via the publication of professional journals, books, and newsletters, and providing the members with an avenue to come together at professional meetings

• provide their members with benefits such as continuing education opportunities, networking, participation, in tax-deferred annuity programs, discounts (annual national conventions, professional development sessions, publications), job placement, and a variety of other associated items

professional health associations/organizations

champions the health of all people and all communities

• was founded in 1872 when scientific advances were helping discover the causes of communicable diseases

• the mission is to improve the health of the public and achieve equity in health status

• the association works toward this misison by bringing together the public health disciplines to collaborate on priority issues, publishing reseasrch and reports to improve public health science, providing a collective voice to advocate for laws and regulations that will advance public health while encouraging equite and access to care

american public health association (APHA)

mission is to serve as the principal leadership organization for advancing the health of college students and compus communities through advocacy, education, and research

• the association has three distinct types of memberships: one for institutions of higher education, also serves 5,500 individual members who are interested in college health, and nonprofit organizations and corporations interested in being more connected with the college health field

american college health association (ACHA)

mission is to transform all schools into places where every student learns and thrives

• membership in the association comprises indiviudals and organizations, including schools and school districts that are supportive of and alignment with the advancement of school health programs and the mission

american school health association (ASHA)

mission is supporting leaders in health education and promotion to advance healthy and equitable communities across the globe

• members have the opportunity to associate with one or more smaller working groups called communities of practice

  • allows members who share a similar profesisonal role or a pssion about a health topic or an area of practice can exchange ideas, resources, research, or build solutions to common issues

society for public health education (SOPHE)

is a professional organization

• is a society of researchers and scholars in the areas of health behavior, health education, and health promotion

• the academy was created to improve the stature of health educators by supporting and promoting quality health behavior, health education, and health promotion research conducted by health educators

• the mission is to serve as the research home for health behavior scholars committed to excellence and diversity in research to improve the publics health

• individuals must apply for membership and acceptance is based on ones area of academic preparation and level of scholarly activity

american academy of health behavior (AAHB)

is the nations largest membership organization of health and physical education professionals - from pre-K-12 educators to university professors

• their mission is to advance professional practice and promote research related to health and physical education, physical activity, dance, and sport

society of health and physical educators (SHAPE)

is the national health education honorary

• the idea for the organization was born when 3 professors were on their way ot a professional conference and were discussing the need for an honorary for the discipline

• the primary purpose of furthering the professional competence and dedication of individual members of the health education/promotion profession

• the ideals of the honorary are symbolized in its seal

eta sigma gamma (ESG)

is a nonprofit federation of organizations dedicated to advancing the health education/promotion profession

• the coalition is composed of representatives from 8 national associations/organizations with identifiable health education specialist memberships and ongoing health educations/promotion programs

• the primary mission is the mobilization sof the resources of the health education profession in order to expand and improve health education, regardless of the setting

coalition of national health education organizaions (CNHEO)

brief description of where the program will be in the future 3 to 5 years

vision

also called program overview or program aim

• describes the general focus or purpose

  • what we do and who they serve

  • in the current state, not the future

• might also reflect the philosophy

mission

are less specific than objectives and are used to explain the general intent of a program

• is an expectation that provides overall direction, is more general, has no deadline, takes longer to complete, and is often not measured in exact terms

goals

• more precise than goals

• represent smaller steps that lead to reaching goals

• outline specific changes to occur

• written in measurable terms

• several levels

objectives

• the outcome to be achieved, or what will change

  • the action, behavior, or something else that will change

• the conditions under which the outcome will be observed, or when the change will occur

  • “upon competion of the exercise class” “as a result of participation”

• the criterion for deciding wheher the outcome has been achieved, or how much change

  • how much change will occur

  • “by 10% over the baseline” “300 pamphlets”

• the priority population, or who will change

  • “1000 teachers” “25% of employees of the company”

objectives

who will do, how much of, what, by when, as evaluated by

objective

in the next 12 months, 60% of all MSU students will receive the computer module portion of the TCAP, as evaluated by the awareness assessment

process

aftern completing the TCAP computer module, 75% of the participants will list at least 3 risk factors for testicular cancer, as evaluated by the online post-test

impact (short term)

two years after implementing TCAP at MSU, the number of students who report conducting monthly testicular exams will increase by 10% as evaluated by the student health assessment

outcome (long term)

knowledge, attitude, skills

short-term objective

behavior change

intermediate objective

changes in morbidity, mortality, ultimate goals

long term objective

levels of objectives

• awareness

• knowledge

• attitude

• skill developing

• access

• behavior

• risk reduction

• health status

the systematic collection of information about the activities, characteristics, and oucomes of programs to make judgments about the program, improve program effectiveness, and/or inform decisions about future program development

evaluation

• solidify and review objectives

• the “as evaluated by” element

• select/adapt survey and/or design qualitative methods

• select design

• select distribution or collection method

• determine sample and size (not always applicable)

• collect and analyze

• collect artifacts

• report results

“classic” objectives approach

practical problems or barriers in evaluation

• planners either fail to build evaluation in the planning process or do so too late

• adequate resources may not be available to conduct an appropriate evaluation = BUDGET

• organizational restrictions may prevent hiring consultants and contrators

  • internal vs. external evaluators

• effects are often hard to detech because changes are soemtimes small, come slowly, or do not last - variables themselves also have limitations (e.g. attitude)

• restrictions may limit the collection of data among the priority population

• it is difficult to make an association between cause and effect

• it is difficult to evaluate multi-strategy interventions

• discrepancies between professional standards and actual practice exist with regard to appropriate evaluation design

• evaluators motives to demonstrate success introduce bias

• stakeholders perceptions of the evaluations value may vary too drastically

• intervention strategies are sometimes not delivered as intended or are not culturally specific

• unconventional evalutaion: social media or advocacy compaign

ethical concerns in evaluation

• treatment of participants

• data

  • valid and reliable instruments or methods

  • confidentiality and anonymity

  • tell the whole story

• conclusions

  • non-biased

  • based on results

  • address limitations

CDC steps for program evaluation

• assess context

• describe the program

• focus the evaluation questions and design

• gather credible evidence

• generate and support conclusions

• act on findings

the processes by which the actions of individuals or groups attempt to bring about social and/or organizational change on behalf of a particular health goal, program, interest, or population

• involved in the development, passage, and implementation of legislation, laws, rules, policies, and procedures to advance health

advocacy

what does advocacy look like

• voting and helping/encouraging others to do so

• talking to elected officials (directly and community forums)

• grass-roots initiatives (petitions-coalitions)

• media advocacy

why do we need to advocate for our profession

• lack of understanding of what we do

• public health isn’t always integrated into a modern healthcare model

• we have competition

how to advocate for our profession

• national organization involvement

• hire CHES

• talk to elected officials

• get involved locally

to promote the high standards of professional practice for their respective profession, thereby improving the health of society by improving the people in the profession

professional health organizations

the functioning of professional organizations

• are member driven

• are funded primarily by membership dues

• hire staff for day to day operations

• the officers are usually elected professionals

• national recognition/affiliation - awareness

• networking opportunities

• continuing education

• involvement (leadership and resume building)

• resources (journals and more)

• employment and grad school opportunities

• opportunities to present research

benefits of being a part of a PO

• organization focus

• opportunities - volunteering, scholarships, professional development, etc

• cost

• impact

how one should choose a PO

• typically 3-5 days

• early mornings

  • opening speaker

  • breakfast and meetings

  • sessions start as early as 7 am in some cases

• sessions

• evenings

  • socials

  • dinners

  • networking

format and conduct of PO meetings/conferences

done during the whole intervention - satisfaction and things like that

process evaluation

immediate observable effects

impact evaluation

• longterm

• morbidity, mortality, and quality of life

outcome evaluation

• making sure your knowledge on topic is great, if the program will work

• background information, everything beforehand and the process evaluation

formative evaluation

the impact and outcome evaluation

summative evaluation