Zuku VTNE Emergency/Critical Care

Medical tape

How are peripheral IV catheters secured in the cephalic vein of a dog or a cat?

Skin glue

Tegaderm™ dressings

Duct tape

Sutures

Medical tape

Isolate and barrier nursing

An eight-week-old puppy that was presented for vomiting and diarrhea is fecal antigen-positive for parvovirus. What is the next course of action?

Call the state vet to report

Isolate and barrier nursing

Draw up vaccine against parvovirus

Set up for euthanasia

Request the rest of the puppies from the litter be hospitalized concuttently

Stop anesthetic administration and assess for cardiac arrest

A young cat is under general anesthesia for a routine ovariohysterectomy. The technician notices that the cat has stopped breathing and her mucous membranes are a muddy blue color. The attached pulse oximeter is unable to detect a pulse. Of the following choices below, which one is the best next step?

Check for a pulse and measure blood pressure

Give a specific sedative antagonist if available

Stop anesthetic administration and assess for cardiac arrest

Ventilate the cat

Ensure airway, oxygen supply, and breathing circuit are open

8 L

What is the maximum volume of fluids you should administer to an average 1100-pound (500-kg) adult horse via nasogastric tube?

750 mL

12 L

5 L

8 L

20 L

Permethrin

A three-year-old female spayed domestic longhair cat is presented for a 12-hour history of hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and tremors. The owner reports that he treated her the night before with a flea dip originally bought for his dog. Exam reveals a temperature of 105.2 [N= 100-103.1] and normal-sized pupils that are responsive to light. During the exam she has a seizure. What is the most likely toxicosis?

Carbamate

Organophosphate

Ivermectin

Permethrin

D-limonene

On a wall near the treatment area

Where should a CPR flow chart be kept in a clinic?

In the hospital procedures manual

On a wall near the treatment area

In the surgical suite

On exam room doors

In the controlled drug cabinet

Myoglobin

Which of the following may make a horse's urine look red?

Creatinine

Myoglobin

Glucose

Bacteria

Ketones

Maintain in sternal recumbency

What is the best way to promote complete ventilation of the lungs in a down foal in the neonatal intensive care unit?

Administer clenbuterol per os

Maintain in sternal recumbency

Change sides every 4 hours

Intranasal oxygen therapy

Nebulization and coupage

Naloxone, atropine, vasopressin, epinephrine, lidocaine

We sometimes use the intratracheal (IT) route of medication administration in emergencies or during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in small patients that do not have an intravenous catheter.

However, not all drugs are safe to give IT. "NAVEL" is an acronym that corresponds to five emergency drugs that may be given IT.

What is the correct meaning of NAVEL in this regard?

Nifedipine, amphotericin B, vancomycin, enrofloxacin

Never administer very (much or) end life

Neomycin, amoxicillin, vincristine, etomidate,

Neostigmine, atipamezole, verapamil, enalapril, lisinopril

Naloxone, atropine, vasopressin, epinephrine, lidocaine

Albumin

Protein is the most osmotically active molecule in the bloodstream.

Which colloid is preferred for treatment of dogs with low protein levels?

Packed RBCs

Platelet rich plasma

Immunoglobulins

Albumin

Plasma

Splint supplies to stabilize the limb

An adult Quarterhorse gelding presents for acute right forelimb swelling and severe lameness that was identified by the client this morning at feeding time. The horse was pastured overnight in a 30-acre field with 6 other geldings, and was found at the far end of the field, unwilling to walk up to the barn.

The vet palpates the limb and hears crepitus. He is concerned the limb is fractured.

What should you prepare for the vet to do next?

Tetanus toxoid vaccine

Walk the horse to the stable for radiographs

Bring the trailer to move the horse

Splint supplies to stabilize the limb

Antimicrobials and an IV catheter

Hypertonic saline

Which one of the following therapies would be most useful to treat a dog with suspected head trauma and cerebral edema?

Hypertonic saline

Phenobarbital

Furosemide

Isoproterenol

Omeprazole

60-70 mmHg with supplemental oxygen

At what PaO2 should mechanical ventilation be initiated?

75-95 mmHg on room air

Less than 65 mmHg on either room air or supplemental oxygen

55-70 mmHg on room air

75-95 mmHg on supplemental oxygen

60-70 mmHg with supplemental oxygen

Every 3 to 5 minutes until stable

A five-month-old intact female golden retriever puppy presents after being hit by a car two hours previously. Initial care includes oxygen, IV fluids, analgesics, and ECG monitoring.

The veterinarian leaves the triage area to go talk to the owner, but she doesn't give specific instructions on what to do with the pet.

How often should you monitor the pet's vital signs and pain level?

Every 15 to 25 minutes until stable

Every 1 minute until the doctor returns

Every 30 minutes until stable

Every 3 to 5 minutes until stable

15 L/min

An adult Thoroughbred horse requires intranasal oxygen supplementation in the critical care unit. What is the appropriate rate?

45 L/min

2 L/min

It is not possible to give intranasal oxygen to an adult horse

15 L/min

6 L/min

Decreases PCV due to water retention

How does congestive heart failure typically affect PCV?

Decreases PCV due to water retention

Does not change PCV

Increases PCV due to changes in iron handling by the bone marrow

Decreases PCV by causing coagulopathy

Increases PCV due to dehydration

Calcium

A five-year-old Golden Retriever bitch is presented two weeks post-partum with a litter of ten puppies that are strong and growing. The owner noted that the bitch has been weak and trembling since that morning.

As you are examining her, she begins to have tonic convulsions (involuntary contractions of voluntary muscles).

What bloodwork will the veterinarian most likely request prior to treatment?

Glucose

Calcium

BUN, creatinine

Heartworm test

Platelet count

Sorting of patients into groups depending on their need for immediate intervention

Which of the following correctly explains triage of emergency patients?

This is a type of lavage fluid that can be used in many types of wounds - sterile, clean, or contaminated

Scheduling of patients in need of surgery - must go, should go, go if time allows

Prioritization of emergencies by species, age, and sex

Evaluation of patients in the exam room when the client is not present

Sorting of patients into groups depending on their need for immediate intervention

Central venous pressure

Which of the following is the most accurate way to evaluate for fluid overload in a hospitalized patient?

Skin tent

Doppler pressure monitor

Direct arterial catheterization

Central venous pressure

Serum lactate levels

Diagnosis of hypoxemia

What information can an arterial blood gas analysis provide that is not possible to determine from a venous blood gas analysis?

Tissue perfusion

Metabolic acid-base disturbance

Diagnosis of hypoxemia

Calculation of anion gap

Assessment of ventilation

Presence of fluid or air in body cavities

What does a focused assessment with sonography for trauma, tracking, and triage (FAST) evaluate?

Liver, gall bladder, and common bile duct

Cardiac ejection fraction

How rapidly the team stabilizes the patient

Presence of fluid or air in body cavities

Mechanical obstruction of the intestines by a foreign body

Diabetes mellitus

A 16-yr-old dog with severe bilateral cataracts has just come in through the ER laterally recumbent. The doctor suspects ketoacidosis.

With which disease is ketoacidosis typically associated?

Hyperadrenocorticism

Kennel cough

Lyme disease

Parvovirus infection

Diabetes mellitus

Thoracic ultrasound

The vet is called to the racetrack to evaluate a three-year old Thoroughbred stallion for lethargy, tachypnea/dyspnea, and inappetance after shipping back from a race meet across the state a few days prior.

The vet performs a physical exam and suspects pleuropneumonia (a.k.a. "shipping fever").

Which additional diagnostic is the vet likely to perform first at the visit to confirm the diagnosis?

Nebulization with saline

Pleurocentesis

Thoracic ultrasound

Bronchoalveolar lavage

Chest radiographs

Penis cannot retract into prepuce

A five-year-old male Jack Russell terrier is coming in as an emergency with paraphimosis.

What is the problem?

Mismating

Uterine proplase

Excessive discharge from the anal gland

Penis cannot retract into prepuce

Eyeball popped out of socket

Eyeball displaced out of socket

The vet says that a dog with a traumatic proptosis is coming in on emergency.

What does this mean?

Dog leans and circles to same side

Eyeball displaced out of socket

Penis cannot retract into prepuce

Punctured chest cavity with collapsed lung

Bone has come out of socket at a ball joint (e.g., shoulder or hip)

Fluorescein stain

What test is indicated to monitor for the development of corneal ulceration in a recumbent patient?

Schirmer tear test

Fluorescein stain

Palpebral reflex

Intraocular pressure

Ant bait

Where might a cat or dog encounter arsenic around the house?

Snail killer

Ant bait

Silver polish

De-icer crystals

Anti-mildew paint

Take blood pressure measurements with transducer at the height of atria

Which statement is true about arterial catheters?

Do not need to be flushed with heparinized saline

Require little training to place

Take blood pressure measurements with transducer at the height of atria

Can only be maintained in anesthetized or comatose patients because any movement dislodges them

Excellent method to administer medications

Four locations around the umbilicus

Where is a blind abdominocentesis (i.e., without using ultrasound guidance) routinely performed in a dog or cat?

On midline near the xiphoid

Left flank

To the left or right of the bladder

Four locations around the umbilicus

As close to the spleen as possible

Pugs because they are brachycephalic

Which breed is at increased risk of developing corneal ulcers?

Pugs because they are brachycephalic

German shepherds because they are prone to pannus

Pit bull terriers because they tend to get in fights

Labradors because they have increased incidence of progressive retinal atrophy

Huskies because they have blue eyes

Ischemia and reperfusion injury

Which one of the following is the most important cause of myocardial damage in the post-cardiac arrest patient?

Hypoglycemia and lack of energy sources

Toxicosis from drugs administered during CPR

Azotemia and hyperkalemia due to renal dysfunction

Metabolic acidosis caused by tissue hypoxia

Ischemia and reperfusion injury

Pneumothorax

Which of the following presentations is most likely to have a low oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry and decreased PaO2 on arterial blood gas analysis?

Hypothermia

Anemia due to hemoabdomen

Pneumothorax

Smoke inhalation

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Volume expansion

What is the therapeutic goal of using synthetic colloids?

Facilitate oxygen delivery

Immunoglobulin supplementation

Drug binding

Improve coagulation times

Volume expansion

Lidocaine

An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows R-on-T phenomenon. What is the first drug to reach for?

Diltiazem

Dopamine

Propranolol

Atenolol

Lidocaine

Distributive

What type of shock is seen with anaphylaxis (i.e., a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction)?

Cardiogenic

Hypovolemic

Distributive

Maladaptive

Septic

Transfusion-associated circulatory overload

What is the most significant nonimmune acute reaction to blood transfusions?

Hemolysis

Acute lung injury

Pruritis

Transfusion-associated circulatory overload

Citrate toxicity with ionized hypocalcemia

Metritis

A client calls into the clinic and says that her female beagle whelped a litter of pups two weeks ago but now seems depressed and has a foul-smelling discharge from her vulva.

She brings the dog in immediately.

What problem is suspected?

Mastitis

Hypocalcemia

Metritis

Dystocia

Cystitis

Stop IV fluids and notify vet

You are doing a re-evaluation on a six-year-old female spayed domestic long hair cat being treated with IV fluids for acute renal failure.

You note her respiratory rate is now 28 breaths per minute (bpm) and it was 20 bpm last time you checked her several hours ago. You can auscult pulmonary crackles bilaterally.

What should you do?

Administer furosemide IV and continue fluids

Gather equipment for transtracheal wash

Decrease fluid rate by 50% and recheck in 20 minutes

Place in oxygen cage and decrease IV fluid rate

Stop IV fluids and notify vet

15 mL/kg

What is the maximum amount of blood that we can safely collect from a feline blood donor?

10 mL/kg

22 mL/kg

15 mL/kg

20 mL/kg

30 mL/kg

Hemothorax due to anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis

A plasma transfusion is indicated to treat which of the following conditions?

Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

Hemothorax due to anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis

Reduction of pain after a forelimb amputation to treat osteosarcoma

Steroid-responsive meningitis

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Noninvasive blood pressure

A foal in the neonatal intensive care unit is not responding to intravenous fluid therapy.

What is a readily available measurement that a veterinary technician can obtain to monitor this treatment?

Pulse oximetry

Noninvasive blood pressure

Heart rate

Serum fibrinogen concentration

Central venous pressure

45%; arrest was associated with anesthesia

An eight-month old male Maine Coon cat underwent neutering and suffered a cardiopulmonary arrest under anesthesia. The medical team performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), resulting in return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).

What is the chance of survival (prognosis) for this patient, and why?

14%; Maine Coons often have occult cardiac disease

90%; animal is very young

5%; CPR is very difficult to perform in cats

45%; arrest was associated with anesthesia

25%; neuters are quick surgeries

Shock depolarizes all cardiac cells simultaneously, allowing the pacemaker to regain control of myocardial contraction

What is the mechanism of action of defibrillation in the resuscitation of patients with cardiac arrest?

Accentuates strength of depolarization wave generated by pacemaker cells, which overwhelms fibrillation waves and restarts cardiac rhythm

Shock depolarizes all cardiac cells simultaneously, allowing the pacemaker to regain control of myocardial contraction

Abnormal, fibrillating, myocardial cells are cauterized

Reroutes electrical signals from the pacemaker to the sinoatrial node

Re-starts all myocardial cells at once, eliminating the unorganized rhythm seen with fibrillation

Skin tent, mucous membrane moisture, capillary refill time

There are many clinical signs we use to assess dehydration in our veterinary patients.

Which choice contains clinical signs that are indicators of dehydration?

Icterus of pinnae and gums, abdominal ascites, hepatomegaly

Tachycardia, hypotension, thready femoral and dorsal pedal pulse quality

Ataxia, weakness, tremors

Skin tent, mucous membrane moisture, capillary refill time

Pallor, hyperdynamic pulses, hematuria

Dystocia

Which of the following is the most common reproductive emergency in ruminants?

Endometritis

Pyometra

Dystocia

Mastitis

Severed communication between brainstem and forebrain

What does a decerebrate posture indicate?

Severed communication between brainstem and forebrain

Cerebellar abiotrophy

Altered neural transmission in white matter tracts of the spinal cord

Bilateral ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments

Recent seizure activity

Brain damage, animal too deeply anesthetized

Which of the following choices is a common cause of the Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern?

(i.e., fast breathing, then slowing down, then no breathing, then cycle starts again)

Severe metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis

Pulmonary hypertension and emphysema

Light levels (phase I) of inhalant anesthesia

Hypovolemia and low intracranial pressure

Brain damage, animal too deeply anesthetized

Cardiac compressions

What is the most important component of basic life support (BLS) during cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR)?

Cardiac compressions

Atropine administration

Electrical defibrillation

Endotracheal intubation for ventilation

Oxygen supplementation

Pain is nonresponsive to analgesics

Which of the following is the most definitive indication for exploratory laparotomy in a colicky horse?

Less than 1 L nasogastric reflux is present

Increased volume of straw-colored peritoneal fluid

Failure to pass manure for 24 hours

Pain is nonresponsive to analgesics

Persistent tachycardia

Airway, breathing, circulation, disability

Which of the following most correctly describes the focus of the initial evaluation of a critically ill or injured patient upon arrival at the emergency room?

Heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate, evaluation for pain

Airway, breathing, circulation, disability

Thorough history, including any medications and recent travel

External assessment, auscultation, pulse strength

Consciousness, mucous membrane color, perfusion time, ambulation

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

What syndrome is characterized by concurrent thrombosis and spontaneous bleeding?

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Sepsis

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Cardiogenic shock

2/3 Intracellular, 1/3 extracellular

The total amount of water in the body, or the total body water (TBW), is approximately 60% of the body weight in healthy animals.

Which one of the following choices most correctly describes the distribution of the total body water?

1/2 Tissue, 1/2 plasma

2/3 Intracellular, 1/3 extracellular

1/3 Intravascular, 1/3 interstitial, 1/3 plasma

1/4 Interstitial, 3/4 extracellular

1/5 Intravascular, 4/5 extravascular

Epinephrine, atropine, dobutamine, vasopressin

Which of the following lists of drugs are all normally found in the crash cart for use with emergency patients?

Glycopyrrolate, catheters, morphine, ketamine

Pentoxyfilene, polymixin B, amikacin, meloxicam

Penicillin, enrofloxacin, saline, heparin

Isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, methoxyflurane

Epinephrine, atropine, dobutamine, vasopressin

Every 6 hours

As a general guideline, how often should you change a down horse's position?

Every 8 hours

Every 6 hours

Every 12 hours

Every 24 hours

Every 2 hours

End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2)

Which monitoring equipment is most crucial during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2)

Pulse oximetry

Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Arterial blood gas

Ballottement

During a physical exam on a cow that was bred eight months ago, the vet gently but firmly pushes a fist rapidly in and out of the cow's abdomen, on the right lower side, above and in front of the udder.

This movement is repeated several times and then there is a pause to feel what happens next.

What is this called?

Pinging

Succussion

Palpation

Auscultation

Ballottement

Triage

Which of the following is the common name for the primary survey performed when patients present to an emergency or critical care facility?

Emergency assessment

Quick critical review

XYZ protocol

Triage

FLASH exam

Bradycardia

Which of the following physical exam parameters typifies how cats present with decompensated shock?

Lameness

Injected mucous membranes

Bradycardia

Cardiac murmur

Rapid heart rate

Risk of coagulation

Why is the concurrent administration of blood products and calcium-containing IV fluids (e.g., lactated Ringer's solution) contraindicated?

Increases Heinz body formation

Risk of coagulation

Causes hemolytic transfusion reaction

Results in pyrexia

Induces cardiac arrhythmias

600 mOsm/L

Some hyperosmolar fluids should only be administered via a jugular venous catheter (as opposed to a peripheral venous catheter). Over what osmolality is this necessary?

200 mOsm/L

12,000 mOsm/L

600 mOsm/L

300 mOsm/L

1000 mOsm/L

Normal saline

An adult male goat is presented with straining to urinate and moderate dehydration. Urethral obstruction is suspected.

What type of IV fluids would be best to get ready for administration while awaiting further diagnostic results?

Normal saline

Normasol-R

Lactated Ringer's solution

No IV fluids should be given since patient cannot urinate

Mannitol

Alcohol

Avoid using which one of the following agents when performing electrical defibrillation on a patient with cardiac arrest?

KY Jelly

Contact gel

Alcohol

Chlorhexidine solution

Clippers

90 mL/kg

What is the approximate circulating blood volume of a dog?

Varies by breed of dog

33 mL/kg

45 mL/kg

50 mL/kg

90 mL/kg

Mucous membrane color

Which of the following is an indicator of oxygenation?

Respiratory rate

Blood pressure

Heart rate and pulse strength

Mucous membrane color

Eye position

Epinephrine

Which hormone is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response?

Serotonin

Thyroid hormone

Cortisol

Dopamine

Epinephrine

Bacterial enteritis

A three-day-old Holstein heifer calf with a 36-hour history of watery diarrhea is presented in lateral recumbency. She is severely dehydrated and in hypovolemic shock.

Which of the following is the most likely cause of the diarrhea in this calf?

Bacterial enteritis

Viral infection

Parasitism

Nutritional imbalance

Hypothermia

Variables aside from hydration affect body weight

What is a limitation of using body weight to track hydration in small animals?

Weight is a subjective assessment

Animals become fearful when being moved from their cage or stall

Body weight cannot be assessed frequently enough to reflect hydration

Equipment to check body weight is expensive and specialized

Variables aside from hydration affect body weight

Calcium gluconate IV

A seven-year-old male neutered domestic short hair cat is presented in a stuporous state with a history of straining to urinate. Initial bloodwork reveals hyperkalemia and he is bradycardic.

What treatment should you immediately prepare?

Calcium gluconate IV

Insulin therapy

Intranasal oxygen

Dextrose administration

Crystalloids

8L

A 500-kg mare that foaled the night before is presented in hemorrhagic shock due to rupture of the uterine artery into the uterus (so she is hemorrhaging into the uterus).

Her PCV is 18%, her lactate is 4.2 mmol/L, and she is tachycardic and tachypneic.

What volume of blood will need to be collected from the blood donor (whose PCV is 35%) in order to transfuse her to achieve a PCV of 25%? Assume that blood volume is 80 ml/kg.

8L

12L

10L

6L

4L

60%

What is the total amount of water in the body, or the total body water (TBW), in healthy animals?

Varies significantly by species

60%

75%

40%

33%

Tetanus antitoxin

A three-year-old stallion is presented for evaluation of a large wound over the gluteal region. The owner thinks he was bitten when fighting with another horse in the pasture.

The stallion has not previously seen a veterinarian for any reason.

Which of the following will be a critical part of the initial treatment plan?

Complete blood count and serum biochemistry

Acepromazine to calm him for the exam

Tetanus antitoxin

Course of oral ampicillin until wound heals

Castration

Ongoing hemorrhage

In which clinical situation is the minimally acceptable blood pressure lower than normal (i.e., mean of 60-70 mmHg rather than 80-100 mmHg)?

Acute renal failure

Gastric dilation/volvulus

Septic shock

Ongoing hemorrhage

Dystocia

Cardiac pump method; 120-130 compressions/minute

When performing CPR, how should you perform routine chest compressions in a cat or small dog (weighing under15 pounds), and at what rate?

Compress the widest part of the chest; 80-100 compressions/minute

Open-chest compressions; 100-110 compressions/minute

Compress the widest part of the chest; 120-130 compressions/minute

Cardiac pump method; 80-100 compressions/minute

Cardiac pump method; 120-130 compressions/minute

Fetotomy

For which procedure is a krey hook used in bovine or equine medicine?

Release epiglottic entrapment

Relieve rectal impaction

Sinus trephination

Fetotomy

Ovariohysterectomy

Usually sutured in place

Which of the following is most accurate regarding IV catheter placement in an adult horse?

Usually sutured in place

Because horses move around catheters cannot be maintained

Cephalic vein is most common location

Sterile preparation is unnecessary

Common size for IV fluid therapy is 20-gauge 3-inch

A previously healthy dog that was hit by a car, PCV of 23%

Which patient may benefit most from a blood transfusion?

A cat with feline leukemia virus, PCV of 25%

A cat with chronic kidney disease, PCV of 20%

A dog with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, PCV of 22%

A previously healthy dog that was hit by a car, PCV of 23%

A dog with congestive heart failure, PCV of 33%

Measures the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and pulse rate

Which of the following choices correctly describes the function of a pulse oximeter?

Amplifies the pulse rate and oxygenation of venous blood without touching patient

Measures the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and pulse rate

Automatically measures and records the pulse rate and rhythm

Measures carbon dioxide concentration after every 10th pulse

Detects the flow of blood through small arteries and records blood pressure

Set up for thoracocentesis

A three-year-old male neutered indoor-outdoor cat is presented in acute respiratory distress with open-mouthed breathing.

Exam reveals diminished lung sounds bilaterally and cyanotic mucous membranes. The cat is stabilized with oxygen therapy and IM butorphanol for mild sedation.

What is the most appropriate next step?

Value Normal

T=104.6°F (40.3°C) 100-103.1°F (37.8-39.5°C)

HR=218 bpm 180-220 bpm

RR=60 brpm 16-40 brpm

Schedule an echocardiogram

Run an electrocardiogram

Set up for thoracocentesis

Gather supplies for transtracheal wash

Obtain an arterial blood gas sample

Gravity flow via large-bore drip set

An adult horse needs to receive 20 L of lactated Ringer's solution parenterally over 4 hours to help treat dehydration associated with colitis.

What is the most common and appropriate way to administer this?

Subcutaneous, spread over multiple sites

This volume of fluids over 4 hours is not possible

Fluid pump set at 5 L/hour

Gravity flow via large-bore drip set

Pressure bag through 20-gauge catheter

Provide supplemental oxygen

A ten-year-old domestic short hair cat is presented in respiratory distress with a pronounced expiratory effort and wheezes heard on auscultation.

What should be done first?

Provide supplemental oxygen

Obtain thoracic radiographs

Transtracheal wash

Place intravenous catheter

Perform ultrasound of the chest

Lactated Ringer's solution

Which of the following choices is the most appropriate isotonic fluid for volume replacement in most patients?

0.45% saline

Hetastarch

5% Dextrose

Plasma

Lactated Ringer's solution

Jugular vein

What is the most common location to place an intravenous catheter in a horse?

Auricular vein

Jugular vein

Cephalic vein

Saphenous vein

Lateral thoracic vein

Thoracic limb rigidity, pelvic limb flaccidity, normal mentation

What are the classic signs of Schiff-Sherrington posture?

Generalized flaccid paralysis, reduced chest excursions, quiet but responsive

Head tilt, vestibular ataxia

Bright and alert, sawhorse-stance, risus sardonicus

Stiffness of all four limbs, obtundation

Thoracic limb rigidity, pelvic limb flaccidity, normal mentation

A spinal cord lesion between T3-L3

What does Schiff-Sherrington posture indicate?

Development of an acid-base disorder

The patient is having trouble breathing

A brain tumor is causing increased intracranial pressure

Animal has abdominal pain

A spinal cord lesion between T3-L3

7% saline

Which of the following crystalloid fluids is hypertonic?

0.45% saline in 2.5% dextrose

Lactated Ringer's solution

Normosol®R

5% Dextrose

7% saline

40 mL/kg

What dose of plasma is needed to raise the blood albumin by 1 g/dL?

15 mL/kg

100 mL/kg

Plasma doesn't contain albumin so is not used for this purpose

10 mL/kg

40 mL/kg

Repeated rolling

Which would typically be an indicator of more severe colic in a horse?

A dose of sedation results in 1 hour of improvement

Flehmen

Signs improve w/ walking

Stretching out frequently, as if to urinate

Repeated rolling

Before every blood donation

When should we check a PCV in a blood donor animal?

Every month to ensure anemia has not developed

Only if the animal is pale or exhibiting other signs of anemia

After every blood donation

Before every blood donation

Once a year when other screening bloodwork is performed

Pelvic flexure impaction

A horse with which of these conditions might be a candidate for enteral fluid therapy as an appropriate way to improve hydration status?

Pelvic flexure impaction

6 L net nasogastric reflux upon passing a tube

Exhausted horse syndrome

Colitis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Foal with ruptured urinary bladder

Piece of nonviable bone

An adult horse is presented for radiographs of the metacarpal region to evaluate for a sequestrum because there is a non-healing wound.

What is a sequestrum?

Excessive granulation tissue

Foreign material in a wound

Piece of nonviable bone

Joint or tendon sheath infection

Localized parasitic infection

Hypoproteinemia

Which of the following problems is most responsive to an IV colloid infusion?

Colloids are not used in vet med

Cardiogenic shock

Hemorrhagic hypotension

Hyperglobulinemia

Hypoproteinemia

Potassium

A four-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presents for signs of urethral obstruction.

Physical exam reveals bradycardia and a turgid urinary bladder that you cannot express.

Check what blood value immediately?

Total bilirubin

Creatinine

Sodium

Potassium

PCV

Uterus is inside-out and protruding through the vulva

The team is called to a dairy farm at 4 a.m. for a "prolapse."

What kind of problem is this likely to be?

Abomasum displaced high to the left

Eyeball popped out of socket

Penis cannot retract into prepuce

Esophagel obstruction preventing regurgitation

Uterus is inside-out and protruding through the vulva

Arterial blood pressure

A five-year-old neutered male Great Dane presents with signs consistent with gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) and shock. The dog receives a bolus of IV fluids with close monitoring of vital signs.

What is the first perfusion parameter to improve when a patient in shock is receiving fluids?

Heart rate

Pupillary light response

Capillary refill time

Arterial blood pressure

Respiratory effort

Oxygen

Which of the following has been identified as is the most important therapeutic that must be readily available for use in emergency situations?

Transfusion blood

Oxygen

Crystalloid fluids

Analgesics

Opioids

10% decrease

A four-year-old Coon hound mix with a BCS of 3/5 (non-obese) comes in for persistent vomiting. On the physical assessment, the dog is determined to be ~10% dehydrated.

What change is expected in the body weight with this degree of dehydration?

Cannot tell with this information

20% decrease

5% increase

10% decrease

No change

Bradycardia

Which of the following physical examination findings is uncommon in most critical care patients?

Abnormal mucous membrane color

Bradycardia

Tachypnea

Changes in body temperature

Sinus tachycardia

Diuretics, oxygen

Which of the following is indicated for treatment of cardiogenic shock?

Antacids, antiemetics

IV fluids, NSAIDs

Antibiotics, bronchodilators

Diuretics, oxygen

Opioids, sildenafil

No parasites are acceptable for donor dogs

We screen canine blood donors to be sure they are free of infectious diseases and are in good health prior to donating blood.

Are there any parasitic infections that are acceptable for a canine donor to have and still donate blood?

Lone star ticks as they do not ingest erythrocytes

Hookworms because they have no blood-borne stages

Fleas because they are ubiquitous in warm climates

No parasites are acceptable for donor dogs

Heartworms because they do not affect the PCV

Bleeding, weakness

What signs are expected in a dog who ate rat poison with the active ingredient bromadiolone two days ago?

Seizures, vomiting

Severe pain, depression

Unconscious, rapid heartrate

Bleeding, weakness

Hyperactivity, diarrhea