Gadberry Exam 2

perception

refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

sensation

refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________  at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina.

Cornea; Pupil

For soundwaves, ________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds

higher; louder

Is Folic Acid a teratogen ?

no

"The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, chemical messengers of the nervous system."

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

What hormone is involved in the regulation of pain/pleasure and acts on the body's endogenous opioid receptors.

beta-endorphin

"A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the resulting action potential will ________."

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

"As a person transitions from relaxed wakefulness into Stage 1 sleep, EEG activity shifts from predominantly ________ wave activity toward ________ wave activity." 

alpha; theta

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception.

temporal

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable Ratio

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

What is an engram?

a group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don’t actively think about while you’re riding. You just sort of “do it” without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

implicit

Which part of the brain is probably damaged if someone is unable to recognize basic objects around their house?

hippocampus

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

Which statistic is a measure of how data are dispersed in a population and can be used to give context to larger data sets?

standard deviation

What impact did Genie’s early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(n) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

What is the foundation of the range of reaction?

“Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences.”

The analytical intelligence component of thetriarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Transduction

conversion of stimulus into neural messages

Stimulus

detachable enviromental or internal events or changes

absolute threshold for sensory systems

minimum stimulus energy needed to be detectable 50% of the time.

Just noticeable difference (JND)

minimum difference between two stimuli needed to detect a change or a difference

top-down perception

interpretation is influenced by available knowledge and experiences

Bottom-up perception

interpretation is built from sensory input

Sensory adaptation

stimili that is constant over time and then gets forgot about

Inattentional blindness

failure to notice something that is perceptible because of lack of attention

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

understanding how people detect stimulus under different mental states such as uncertainty

Muller-Lyer Illusion

two lines of same lengths appear to be different lengths because of the orientation of the arrowheads at the ends.

How is wavelength frequency expressed ?

hertz (Hz) - waves per second

in terms of what we can see, what does wavelength translate to?

color

in terms of what we can see, what does amplitude translate to?

brightness

in terms of what we can hear, what does frequency translate to ?

pitch

in terms of what we can hear, what does amplitude translate to?

loudness

how is amplitude measured ?

in decibles (dB)

where do light waves enter the eye?

cornea and then pupil

cones

photopic vision (daytime)

rods

scotopic vision (nighttime)

trichromatic theory

vision on color is seen through combining red, green, and blue

Opponent-Process Theory

color is coded in opposite pairs, cells are excited by one color and inhibited by its opponent

Optic Chiasm

X-shaped structure in the brain where eye nerves merge and move to the opposite sides of the brain

The “what” pathway

processes object recognition and identification

The “where/how” pathway

processes location and movement

what kind of vision do you need for accurate depth perception

binocular cues

afterimage

continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

Temporal Theory

the pitch of sound is determined by the timing and rate of a sensory neuron

Place Theory

our perception of sound depends on the location of vibrations on the basilar membrane

Why is it that sometimes our body reacts to noise before we process what we heard.

because sound goes directly to the brainstem from our ears

Interaural level of sound localization

sound coming from one side of the body is moor intense at the closest ear

interaural timing of sound localization

small difference in the time a sound wave arrives at each ear

explain conductive hearing loss

failure of vibration in the eardrum or movement in ossicles

explain sensorineural hearing loss

failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain

what are taste buds ?

groupings of taste receptor cells that bind to chemoreceptors and send signals to the brain

Is olfaction processed by the thalamus?

no

Somatosensation

touch

mechanoreceptors

detects specific physical, touch related stimuli

Thermoception

temperature perception

Nociception

pain perception

Congenital analgesia

born without the ability to feel pain

neuropathic pain

damage to CNS or PNS

inflammatory pain

damage to tissues

Semicircular canals

fluid filled sensory organs that contain hair cells and responds to movement

proprioception

perception of body’s current position

Kinesthesia

perception of body’s active movement

reflexes

motor/neural reactions

Instincts

behaviors triggered by events

What are unlearned behaviors ?

Innate behaviors that organisms are born with that help adapts to their environment

Associative learning

making connections between stimuli or events that occur together

Learning

a permanent change in behavior or knowledge

Classical Conditioning

unconscious, automatic learning where an innate reflex becomes associated with previously neutral environmental signal

unconditioned responses (UCR)

unlearned responses/natural reaction

conditioned responses (CR)

learned responses caused by a conditioned stimulus

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Conditioned response (CS)

The neutral stimulus that now elicits a response after repeated association with unconditioned stimulus

what does food represent in the pavlovian model?

UCS

what does salivation represent in the pavlovian model?

UCR

what does bell represent in the pavlovian model?

NS

what does the combination of NS and UCS represent in the pavlovian model?

UCR

What is the learned behavior in the pavlovian model?

Bell (CS) causes Salivation (CR)

What is higher order conditioning ?

a conditioned response is paired with a new neutral stimulus

What was pavlovian’s example for higher-order conditioning ?

squeaky door (2nd order CS) + electric can opener (CS) + food (UCS) = Salivation (UCR)

Acquisition

initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Extinction

decrease in conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned response

Do we forget conditioned responses?

no, we just get new information that suppresses the response

habituation

learning not to respond to a stimulus

Sensitization

responses to stimulus become more extreme over time

What is shaping ?

rewarding only the target behavior by breaking it down into small achievable steps

What are primary reinforcers ?

food, water, sleep, sex, pleasure

what are secondary reinforcers ?

praise, money, tokens

Variable ratio reinforcement patterns

unpredictable and yields high and steady responses, with little pause after reinforcement

Fixed ratios reinforcements patterns

predictable and produces high response rate, with a short pause after reinforcements

variable interval reinforcement patterns

unpredictable and produces a moderate, steady response rate

fixed interval reinforcement patterns

yields a scallop-shaped response pattern, reflecting a significant pause after reinforcement

what is operant conditioning ?

target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to teach the learner a behavior

what did Edward Colman argue ?

behaviors can be goal-directed rather than just evoked responses

cognitive map

a mental layout of a 3D environment

Latent Learning

learning that doesn’t produce behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate that behavior