PSYC 4008 Exam 3

According to Watson, what are the three fundamental emotions displayed by infants?

Define and know by example: Habit

Define and know by example: Drive

Define and know by example: Reflex

What is “self-efficacy?

Who came up with the concept of “self-efficacy?

What were the major criticisms of Skinner’s work?

What is “Operationism”

Who were “operationism" major proponents?

What were the intents or intentions of Operationism? Did they give this more or less emphasis than Watson?

What is a reinforcement schedule? Know an example used by behaviorists like Skinner

What is “vicarious reinforcement” and how does it work?

Who identified “vicarious reinforcement”

In using Pavlovian Principles, how did Bekhterev differ from Pavlov?

What did Bridgman argue was a necessity for all constructs?

What was “purposeful behaviorism” and who was its major proponent?

How did “purposeful behaviorism” relate to the objective study of behavior?

According to Hull, what was “drive reduction”? What was it the basis for?

What is a tropism? Who used this term?

What was the basis of learning to Thorndike?

How did Watson view and explain emotions?

How did Watson view such topics as mind, consciousness, and images?

How did Wertheimer view rote memorization and rote learning?

How did rote memorization and rote learning compare to insight learning?

In what span of years did Skinner hold sway over psychology?

Hull proposed the hypothetico-deductive method to help develop learning theory. How is this method defined?

Hull’s Law of Primary Reinforcement was very similar to another law formulated by another psychologist. What was this other law and who developed it?

What is a primary reinforcer?

What is a secondary reinforcer?

What is a habit? In Hull’s system, what is habit strength?

In Psychology as a Behaviorist Views it, how did Watson view psychology?

What does learning entail from the Gestalt perspective?

What is a conditioned stimuli?

What is an unconditioned stimuli?

What is a conditioned response?

What is an unconditioned response?

What are “sign Gestalts?” How do they occur from Tolman’s perspective?

What was the “Phi Phenomenon”? How was it a challenge to Wundt’s system?

How was Lewin’s thinking similar to Skinner’s, especially where statistics were concerned?

On whom, was Abraham Maslow’s concept of self-actualization partially based on?

Whose work did Pavlov replicate, and how did he view that work?

What was the major contribution of Gestalt to contemporary systems?

What are “secondary drives”?

Whose work prompted Skinner to pursue graduate work in psychology at Harvard?

Who wrote The Behavior of Organisms?

Who completed the first doctoral dissertation to use animal studies?

How did the Gestalt psychologists refer to Wundt’s system? Why?

What was the importance of perceptual constancies in the Wundt versus Gestalt debate? How did experience factor into this?

What were the criticisms of Bandura’s system? What was the primary criticism?

What was the most outstanding feature of Lewin’s Social psychology?

What is the Zeigarnik Effect?

What was a major contribution of Pavlov’s work to Watson’s behaviorism?

What did the term “field theory” mean and to whom did it apply?

What was the focal point of Gestalt’s attack against Behaviorism”

In what way did Thorndike revise his “Law of Effect”? What did it state?

What did Tolman see as both “creepy” and “marvelous”?

How did Watson view consumer behavior?

How did Watson’s Behaviorism fit into the evolution of behavioral thought?

What is Locus of Control?

How is Locus of Control different from self-efficacy?

Who devoted ten years to the experimental investigation of hypnosis and suggestibility?

In what ways had psychology changed by the second decade of the twentieth century?

Why was Watson so opposed to the study of consciousness and the method of introspection?

What role did positivism play in the scientific Zeitgeist of the tweinteith century?

Describe Thorndike’s puzzle-box research and the laws of learning suggested by the results.

Discuss the overall significance for the development of behaviorism of Thorndike’s research on human and animal learning.

How did Pavlov’s work influence Watson’s behaviorism?

Discuss the Zeitgeist in American psychology in the second decade of the twentieth century with reference to ideas promoted by the structuralists and functionalists.

What ethical and moral considerations do you think were involved in the Little Albert study?

How did the behaviorists’ view of the role and task of human subjects differ from that of the introspectionists?

Discuss how Watson’s subject matter and methodology continued the atomistic, mechanistic, and empiricistic tradition.

Explain the reasons for behaviorism’s popular appeal.

Describe the three stages in the evolution of the behaviorist school of thought.

What was operationism and how did it influence the neobehaviorists of the 1920s and 1930s?

What role did the spirit of mechanism play in Hull’s approach to behaviorism?

Describe Skinner’s views of theorizing

Describe Skinner’s views on the mechanistic spirit

Describe Skinner’s views on intervening variables

Describe Skinner’s views on the use of statistics

What is Skinner’s law of acquisition? How did it differ from Thorndike’s and Hull’s positions on learning?

On what grounds has Skinner’s system been criticized?