Psychology

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Last updated 10:55 PM on 2/26/25
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22 Terms

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Language
Consists of symbols and rules to generate infinite numbers of meaning and messages.
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Psycholinguistics
The scientific study of psychological aspects of language to understand how we produce and acquire language.
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Generativity
The ability to create infinite messages using language.
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Surface Structure
The order of words in a sentence.
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Deep Structure
The actual meaning of the words in a sentence.
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Phoneme
The smallest unit of speech; there are 44 in the English language.
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Morpheme
The smallest unit of meaning in a given language, including prefixes and suffixes.
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Bottom-up Processing
Perceptual processing that begins with the analysis of individual elements to form a unified perception.
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Top-down Processing
Processing that starts with the big picture and breaks it down into smaller components.
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Metacognition
A person’s awareness and understanding of their own cognitive abilities.
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Heuristics
Mental shortcuts that simplify decision making, but may lead to errors in judgment.
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Confirmation Bias
The tendency to seek and favor information that reinforces one's beliefs.
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Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning from general principles to a conclusion about a specific case.
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Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from specific facts or observations to a general principle.
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Aphasia
Language impairment caused by brain damage that can affect one or both languages differently.
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Critical Period
A time frame where language acquisition occurs most easily and effectively.
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Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation driven by external rewards or the avoidance of punishment.
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Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation driven by internal interest and enjoyment in the task.
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Emotions
Affective states consisting of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral reactions relevant to important goals.
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Cognitive Appraisal
The process of making judgments about situations, personal capabilities, and the likely consequences of actions.
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal, leading to conflicting motivations.
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Achievement Motivation
The drive to achieve success, characterized by the thrill of victory and the fear of failure.