Cell Structure, Function & Organization - TEAS Prep

cells

• the basic unit of life (ex: organelles)

tissues

• made up of cells with similar structure and function (ex: cardiac muscle tissue)

organs

• made up of tissue that works together to function (ex: heart, lungs, kidney)

organ systems

• group of organs that work together to carry out a function (ex: digestive system)

organism

• made up of one or more organ systems (ex: people)

modern cell theory

• the cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms

• all living things are made up of cells

• all cells come from other pre-existing cells

prokaryotes

• types: bacteria, archaea

• DNA (no nucleus)

• cytoplasm

• ribosomes

• cell membrane

• pro=no

  • no nucleus

  • no membrane bound organelles

eukaryotes

• types: fungi, protists, animals, plants

• DNA (in nucleus)

• cytoplasm

• ribosomes

• cell membrane

• eu=do

  • has nucleus

  • has membrane bound organelles

    • cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, plant cells, lysosomes, vacuole

cell membrane

• referred to as plasma membrane

  • separates the interior of the cell from outside environment

• selective permeability

  • only specific materials pass in and out

• keeps cells stable, also known as homeostasis

  • self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external environment

cytoplasm

• gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

• cytoskeleton

• helps with cellular movement

cytoskeleton

• network of fibers that provides structural support for the cells and organelles

ribosomes

• intercellular structures made of both RNA and protein, site of protein synthesis in the cell

• amino acids

amino acids

• small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins

nucleus

• membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes (DNA)

• nucleolus

nucleolus

• area inside the nucleus of a cell that is made up of RNA & proteins and where ribosomes are made

endoplasmic reticulum

• large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism

• rough and smooth er

rough er

• provides surface area for chemical reactions, protein transport

• rough due to the surface covered in ribosomes

smooth er

• makes cellular products like hormones and lipids

• detoxifications

golgi apparatus

• helps process & package proteins and destined to be exported from the cell

• enzyme assistance

enzyme assistance

• receives materials from transport vesicle that detach from ER

• enzymes modify molecules and organizes them

mitochondria

• generates most of the chemical energy needed to power cell’s

• adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

• source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

plant cells

• chloroplast

• photosynthesis

chloroplast

• type of plastid (saclike organelle with a double membrane) that services as a site for photosynthesis

photosynthesis

• energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy for growth

lysosomes

• contains digestive enzymes that breakdown excess or worn-out cell parts

• may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria

vacuole

• animal cell

  • helps sequester waste products

• plant cells

  • maintain water balance