LA gastroenterology 1st half

What is the purpose of beef stockers?

low cost weight gain, develop skeletal frame and mm, prepare rumen for finishing

What is the purpose of beef backgrounding?

allow smaller cattle to catch up, target avg daily gain, helps shift timing for feedlot

What should be examined for ruminant oral/esophageal exam?

oral lesions, dentition, tongue tone, palpate neck and esophagus, can pass tube to rumen to check esophagus

What should be examined for ruminant rumen exam?

ballottement, succussion (auscult when ballotting), auscultation (2 min), sample rumen fluid

Is an LDA or an RDA more of an issue?

RDA is an emergency

What does this indicate?

normal rumen

What does this indicate?

acute rumen stasis

What does this indicate?

prolonged rumen stasis and anorexia

What does this indicate?

rumen inactivity with indigestible roughage

What does this indicate?

omasal transport failure

What does this indicate?

pyloric outflow failure

What does this indicate?

acute rumen acidosis

What does this indicate?

frothy bloat

What does this indicate?

free gas bloat

What does this indicate?

left displaced abomasum

What does this indicate?

right displaced abomasum

What does this indicate?

hydrops

What does this indicate?

abomasal impaction

What should be examined for ruminant rectal exam?

palpation of distal colon, evaluate epithelium, feces, soft tissue structures

How does a newborn ruminants gut differ from an adult?

primarily abomasum, esophageal groove bypasses rest of rumen and goes straight to abomasum, pores in gut wall open for first 24 hours for colostrum

When should newborn ruminants start eating grain and forage?

around 3 weeks to help develop rumen

When does a ruminant get weaned?

dairy- 6-8 weeks old, beef- 4-8 months old

What factors influence disease in cattle?

age of onset, colostrum status, environment, stocking density

What do we see with rotavirus?

villous tip destruction causing malabsorption diarrhea, typically less than 3 weeks old, profuse diarrhea, dehydration, depression

What do we see with coronavirus?

calves mostly, severe intestinal destruction that can be permanent, small and large intestine targeted, profuse diarrhea

How do we diagnose coronavirus?

PCR, ELISA, fecal test

What do we see with BVDV?

bloody diarrhea in calves 4-30 days old, abortion, PI calves, pyrexia, anorexia, oral ulcers, resp disease

How do we diagnose BVDV?

feces or tissue test, PI testing with skin punch, SNAP, milk PCR, virus isolation, paired serum titers

What do we see with TGEV and PEDV?

in piglets, severe viral enteritis, high mortality, vomiting, watery diarrhea, rapid dehydration

What do we see with enterotoxigenic E coli?

first few days of life, attach with fimbriae, enterotoxin production, secretory diarrhea, rapid dehydration

What do we see with salmonellosis?

severe, fever, depression, catarrhal hemorrhagic enteritis and ileitis, lymphadenitis, rapid septicemia, shock, zoonotic; if an adult jaundice and arthritis

How do we diagnose and treat salmonellosis?

fecal culture, PCR, blood culture, necropsy (fibrin in intestine, necrosis, enlarged LN); supportive care, preformed antibodies

What do we see with clostridium perfringens type C?

mostly in lambs and piglets, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic enteritis, sudden death

What do we see with clostridium perfringens type B?

mostly in calves, profuse watery diarrhea

What do we see with clostridium perfringens type A?

mostly calves, lambs, and piglets, hemorrhagic intestines

What do we see with clostridium perfringens type C diff?

neonatal piglets, resistant diarrhea in humans, zoonotic

How do we prevent clostridial diseases?

avoid stress, avoid feed changed, vaccinate, preformed antibodies

What is likely causing diarrhea in a less than a week old farm animal?

E coli, salmonella, coronavirus, rotavirus, cryptosporidium

What is likely causing diarrhea in a 1-2 week old farm animal?

salmonella, coronavirus, rotavirus, cryptosporidium, parasites

What is likely causing diarrhea in a 3 week to 3 month old farm animal?

salmonella, coronavirus, rotavirus, cryptosporidium, parasite (esp coccidia)

What is likely causing diarrhea in a 4 to 18 month old farm animal?

salmonella, cryptosporidium, BVDV, parasite, johnes

What is the most common congenital GI defect in cattle?

atresia ani

What 3 husbandry things can cause most neonatal and nursery diarrhea in pigs?

passive immunity, environment, and pig flow

What is the disease triangle?

agent, host, environment; most likely change that caused disease is host or environment

What diseases do we suspect and what is the main clue for a 0-4 day old pig with diarrhea?

ETEC if watery yellow alkaline feces; C perfringens type C if bloody/necrotic feces; C diff if mesocolonic edema present

What diseases do we suspect and what is the main clue for a 5-21 day old pig with diarrhea?

C suis if pasty to watery yellow diarrhea that smells of sour milk; acidic malabsorptive diarrhea with no response to abx think coccidia

What diseases do we suspect and what is the main clue for a weaning to 3 weeks post weaning pig with diarrhea?

edema disease (STEC) of sudden death, eyelid edema, or neuro signs present

What diseases do we suspect and what is the main clue for an outbreak of pigs with diarrhea?

suspect TGEV, PEDV, and PDCoV as they can cause epidemics in any age, especially if vomiting with profuse watery acidic diarrhea, thin walled fluid filled intestines

What do we see with cystoisospora suis in pigs?

onset days 7-11 of age, yellow pasty diarrhea, sour milk odor, poor gain, does not respond to abx, villous atrophy and fusion, crypt hyperplasia, fibrinonecrotic enteritis of jejunum and ileum

How do we treat and control C suis in pigs?

improved sanitation, toltrazuril reduced clinical signs

What do we see with rotavirus in pigs?

affects 1 day to 7 week old pigs, watery to pasty diarrhea, villous atrophy, prevent with maternal immunity

What is vagal indigestion?

abnormal motility or function of reticulorumen or abomasum, physical or functional outflow obstruction

What is the pathogenesis of vagal indigestion?

decreased reticular or abomasal motility, decreased passage of ingesta, increased feed retention in rumen, loss of rumen stratification, over filling of rumen

What are the types of vagal indigestion in cattle?

type 1- bloat; type 2- failure of omasal transport; type 3- failure of transpyloric outflow; type 4- indigestion of late pregnancy

What are the signs of traumatic reticulopericarditis?

acute anorexia, reluctance to move, abnormal arched back, resists withers pinch test, fever, increased fibrinogen, mild metabolic alkalosis

What would we find in abdominocentesis in a traumatic reticulopericarditis case?

increased WBC with neutrophilia, increased protein

How do we treat and prevent traumatic reticulopericarditis?

administer magnet, procaine penicillin G, NSAID, oral/IV fluids; magents

What are the clinical signs of abomasal outflow disorder?

progressively worse appetite, abdominal fill/distension, decreased manure output, lethargy, increased HR and RR, low Cl, low K, metabolic alkalosis

Where does lymphosarcoma go in cattle?

heart, uterus, lymph nodes, abomasum

What can cause abomasal impaction?

pregnant on poor quality forage, sand impaction from pica or feed, suffolk sheep have abomasal emptying defect

How do we treat an abomasal impaction?

oral fluids, mineral oil orally, +/- prokinetics, surgery if no response

What can cause frothy bloat in cattle?

alfalfa, cereal grains, pectins, saponins, rumen bacteria if particle size too fine

How do we prevent pasture bloat in cattle?

limit grazing time, feed ionophores, feed hay prior to grazing, daily access to poloxalene

What can cause free gas bloat in cattle?

esophageal obstruction, periesophageal mass, impaired rumen motility

What is an LDA and why does it occur?

abomasum fills with gas and moves to L side of abdomen; decreased motility causing gas accumulation, reduced rumen fill

What should make you suspicious of an LDA?

recently calved, sudden drop in milk production, sudden anorexia, milk fever, ketosis, retained placenta

What are the signs of an LDA?

normal TPR, less and not consistent manure, ketotic on urine dipstick, ping on L ribs 8-13

How do we treat an LDA?

surgery or toggle, treat concurrent diseases, post op abx

What are the signs of an RDA?

caudal and dorsal displacement, complete obstruction, can involve omasum, dehydrated, ping on R side, tachycardic, low K, low Cl, metabolic alkalosis

What should make you suspicious of an RDA?

early lactation, acutely off feed, dramatic drop in milk production

How do we treat an RDA?

R flank laprotomy, supportive care (fluids, NSAID, Abx)

What are the complications of an RDA?

loss of abomasal motility, ulcers, peritonitis

What are the risk factors for displaced abomasums?

peri parturient diseases, low DMI post partum, low fiber high starch diet, older, lactating dairy cattle

What can cause a cleft palate in cattle?

poison hemlock and nicotiana spp, oropharyngeal meds

What are the common vesicular diseases?

foot and mouth, vesicular stomatitis

What are the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease?

fever, vesicles, drooling, mouth rubbing, coronary band lesions

Who carries malignant catarrhal fever?

sheep, wildebeest, and goats

What are the clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever?

erosions and mucopurulent exudate in oral mucosa, ocular, upper resp

What are the clinical signs of bluetongue?

mucosal and skin lesions, salivation, burnt apperance due to photosensitization

What are the clinical signs of rinderpest?

fever, erosive stomatitis, diarrhea, high morbidity and mortality

What are the clinical signs of papular stomatitis?

papules on palate, tongue or lips, crusty with rough edges, mostly in cattle, zoonotic

What are the clinical signs of contagious ecthyma?

sore mouth, acute pustular lesion, zoonotic, lesions on eyelids, feet, and teats, high morbidity, tissues will heal, babies won't eat bc it hurts

How do we vaccinate for contagious ecthyma?

small amount brushed over skin- inside pinna or thigh, behind elbow, caudal fold

What are the clinical signs of woody tongue?

caused by actinobacillus lignieresii, firm pale tongue with multifocal nodules filled with thick yellow pus, have sulphur granules

How do we treat woody tongue

sodium iodide IV, discontinue if toxicity signs appear (dandruff, diarrhea, anorexia, cough, excessive lacrimation)

What are the clinical signs of lumpy jaw?

caused by actinomyces bovis, mandible or maxilla have warm painful swelling, bone enlargement

How do we treat lumpy jaw?

sodium iodide, with penicillin, florfenicol, or oxytetracycline

What is an outbreak?

more cases than expected in a defined population, place, and time period

What are the red flags of an outbreak investigation?

vesicles, erosions, sudden lameness, high acute mortality, neuro signs, if it has signs of a foreign disease

What should you do in the first hour of a suspected foreign disease outbreak?

hold no animals, samples, people, or vehicles leave site; call state animal health official and USDA area vet, a trained foreign animal disease diagnostician will collect samples, document everything

What does one sharp peak on an outbreak curve tell us?

all cases within once incubation period, single exposure, from feed batch or water failure

What does one large plateau on an outbreak curve tell us?

ends when source is removed, ongoing exposure to same source

What does successive growing waves on an outbreak curve tell us?

animal to animal spread

What is the attack rate?

new case / animals at risk at start

What is the incidence rate?

new cases/ animal-time at risk

What is case fatality?

death among cases/ cases

What acute GI diseases do we normally see in adult cattle?

salmonellosis, winter dysentery, and coccidiosis

What chronic GI diseases do we normally see in adult cattle?

chronic salmonellosis, johnes disease

Who carries salmonella?

environment, poultry, cattle, swine, sheep, cats, dogs, livestock, reptiles, amphibians; zoonotic!

What is the pathogenesis of salmonella in cattle?

intestinal invasion, severe enterocolitis, endotoxemia, septicemia