Chapter 2 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, Molecules: The Building Blocks

Important Elements for All Living Organisms

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Atmosphere is made up by….

Nitrogen

Important to human life is….

Oxygen

Nucleus

The atom center, contains proton, and neutrons

Protons

Positively Charged

Neutrons

Uncharged, no charge

Electrons

Negative charged

Isotopes

Same number of protons, different number neutrons

Octet Rule

The inner most shell has 2 max valence electrons - 2,8,8

Valence Shell

The outermost shell

Noble Gases

Non reactive elements, filled outer electrons

Ions

Results of losing an electron or gaining an electron becoming negatively or positive charged

Compound

Contains atoms of more than one type of element

Cation

Net positive charge

Anion

Net negative charge

Ionic Bonds

Formed between ions with opposite charged, metal and mon metal

Covalent Bonds

By sharing electrons between nonmetal and nonmetal

Polar Covalent

Atoms are unequally shared for electrons

Electronegativity

The measurement to attract shared electrons towards itself

Non Polar Bonds

Between two atoms that share the same electrons equally

Hydrogen Bonds

This type of bond is common, and occurs regularly between water molecules

Van Der Waals

Weak interactions between atoms and molecules

Buffers

To maintain the original set such as H+ or OH- keeping the bodies pH to the original amount

Monosaccarides

Simplest form of carbohydrate known as simple sugars

The Big 3 Monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Chemical Group

Aldose (Aldehyde group), and Ketose (Ketone group)

Macromolecules

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

Hydrocarbons

Consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen

Alkane

Single Bond

Alkene

Double Bond

Alkyne

Triple Bond

Isomers

Same chemical formula but different placement

Trans

Cis

Functional Group

Hydroxyl

Functional Group

Methyl

Functional Group

Carboxyl

Functional Group

Carbonyl

Functional Group

Amino

Functional Group

Phosphate

Functional Group

Sulfhydryl