Mutations

What are spontaneous mutations caused by?

Mistakes made by DNA Polymerase 3 or 1.

What are induced mutations caused by?

Mutagens like UV lights, X-rays, chemicals, and some viruses.

What is a point mutation?

Changes to a single base pairing.

What type of mutation has no effect on the organism?

Silent mutations.

What is a missense mutation?

A mutation that alters the amino acid sequence.

What condition is caused by a change in one amino acid affecting red blood cell shape?

Sickle cell anemia.

What is a nonsense mutation?

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, preventing proper protein translation.

What genetic condition is associated with a lack of melanin production?

Albinism.

What is a frameshift mutation?

A mutation that causes a change in the reading frame.

What is deletion mutation?

A type of frameshift mutation where entire codons are deleted.

What condition is characterized by a lack of hemoglobin production?

B Thalassemia.

What is cystic fibrosis associated with?

An entire codon deletion affecting mucus clearance in the lungs.

What disorder is caused by an insertion of 4 base pairs?

Tay-Sachs Disorder.