cultural psychology exam 2

a quiet and relaxed state of tranquility in which a person achieves an integration of emotions, attitudes, and thoughts

meditation

Most Americans draw circles in a counter-clockwise direction because that is the way most of them learned how to write in English.

true

Numerous experiments have demonstrated that people generally have more difficulty judging pictures of faces of other ethnic groups compared to faces of their own group.

true

Research suggests that residents of large metropolitan cities, in general, tend to be more susceptible to near-death and other out of body experiences.

false

Studies suggest that individuals from hunter and gatherer cultures had ________ rates of color blindness than/as individuals from agricultural cultures.

lower

The _________ suggests that while an ethnic group may excel in a particular sensory task, they may be less adept than others. Yet, in sum, sensory and cognitive skills are evenly balance across ethnic groups.

compensation hypothesis

The compensation hypothesis, involving sensory differences between African and European cultures, has not been supported by compelling empirical data.

true

The organization of sensation in three dimensions, even though the image on the eye's retina is two-dimensional, is referred to as ______________.

depth perception

The text distinguishes between two types of trances: visionary and ____________

possession trance

There is evidence that scanning patterns (scanning a picture of text, for example) are subject to cultural variations. These variations are most closely linked with ___________

reading habits

During the 1900s, what was happening to the gap in IQ scores between U.S. urban and rural populations?

it decreased

Regardless of his or her ethnic group, an individual who scores high on an IQ test will likely have __________ in college.

fine (high) grades

What is the psychological term for experience and cognitive operations drawn from everyday activities?

empirical reasoning

What is the psychological term for originality of the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way?

creativity

Which groups have the greatest chance of having similar IQ scores identical twins raised apart OR two biologically unrelated individuals raised together?

Two identical twins raised apart.

most accurately explains the relationship between intelligence and intelligent behavior?

Intelligent behaviors is based on the practical use of intelligence in specific situations.

While boys were more likely than girls to score in the top 5 percent on science and math tests, they were also more likely to score near the bottom of the scale on tests of reading comprehension, memory, and perceptual speed.

true

While reading morning headlines on the web, you come across an article speculating that intelligence scores worldwide have declined. Would you as a scientist (who knows facts) agree with this journalistic opinion?

no

Studies of Korean and Vietnamese children adopted into White homes in the United States show that they tend to grow to have IQs 10 or more points higher than their adoptive national norms.

true

Studies show no correlation between people's total years of education and IQ scores.

false

A study of samples in 32 countries showed that individualism was positively correlated with higher expressivity of emotions, especially happiness and surprise. Individualism was negatively correlated with expression of__________.

with the expression of sadness

Basic human emotional expressions are ______________ across cultures.

generally similar

Cross-culturally, studies of the process of identification, description, and explanation of facial emotional expressions show__________.

consistent and substantial cross-cultural similarities

Despite similarities in emotional experiences across cultures, there is no one single universal description of basic emotions.

true

In the Buddhist tradition (accepted in Chinese language) the basic seven emotions are described as happiness, anger, sorrow, joy, love, hate, and desire. One emotion commonly appearing in all Western classifications does not appear in this line-up. Which one?

disgust

Recent studies of emotion recognition showed that subjects in China, compared to other national groups, had more problems with recognition of one emotion on photographed faces. Which one?

disgust

Research shows that a change in voluntary facial expression causes changes in galvanic skin response (used in so-called “lie detectors”).

true

The recognition rate of facial expression on photographs was higher when subjects had little previous contact with other cultures.

false

What is the term for an individual assessment of emotions according to certain criteria or principles?

evaluation of emotions

Which of the following terms refers to the process of identification, description and explanation of an emotional expression?

emotion recognition

make particular interpretations likely to occur and increase both the speed and efficiency of the perceptual process

perceptual set

value cognitive experiences that take place only during normal waking phases (materialistic worldview)

Monophasic cultures

value dreams and treat them as part of reality and sources of individual guidance (spiritual or traditional view)

Polyphasic cultures

Mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information ◦ Peaks in emerging adulthood

Fluid intelligence

Assessed by subtests in comprehension, information, vocabulary. Oten reflects the knowledge valued by an individual's culture.

Crystallized intelligence

particular cultural rules about how to feel in particular situations.

Feeling rules

the co-occurrence of pleasant and unpleasant emotions simultaneously, has been found to be more prevalent in East Asian cultures than Western ones

Emotional complexity

rules of emotional expression

display rules