HORT 210 L4

Order of organizatino of ell

cel, tissue, orgam, organ system, and plant

Two types of plant tissue

permanent and meristematic

3 types of meristematic tissue

apical, intercalary, and lateral

two types of permanent tissues

simple and complex

4 features of phloem complex permanent tissue

sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers

4 features of xylem complex permanent tissue

tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibers

Do permanent tissues divide?

permanent tissues do not divide

What kind of cells do meristematic tissues have?

undifferentiated cells

Meristematic tissue cells ____ repeatedly.

divide

Permanent tissue cells are ___ differentiated.

fully

apical meristems

found at th tip of roots and shoots- helps increasing the height of plants and length of the parts

intercalary meristems

found at the node region region, helps in elongation of stem (internodal length), and growth at grafting and cutting points

Lateral meristems

found at the side of roots and stmes, inceases diamater and smth smth

What are the most common types of cells?

Parenchyma cells

Parenchyma cells have a large central ____.

vacuole

What do parenchyma cells help in?

photosynthesis, respiration, storage, and wound healing

where are parenchyma cells foud?

soft parts of plants- mesophyll cells

What does xylem transport?

water and minerals

3 types of simple permanent tissues

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

2 types of complex permanent tissues

xylem and phloem

Describe collenchyma cells

elongated with thickened primary walls and no empty space between cells

Why are collenchyma cells so close together?

provide structural support

Where are collenchyma cells found?

below epidermal layer

Describe sclerenchyma cells

thin primary wall but thick secondary wall composed of lignin

What happens to sclerenchyma cells at maturity?

die

What do sclerenchyma cells act as?

plant skeleton/ fibers

Where are sclerenchyma cells found?

seed coat and leaf veins

What is the only way xylem transports?

up

Transport through xylem is ____ ____ due to negative pressure.

bulk flow

Describe the cells which make up xylem

hollow and dead cells with no end walls and are rich in lignin

Which part of the vascular bundle does xylem form?

the center

path of xylem

roots to the stems and leaves

shape of tracheid cells in xylem

long and elongated with tapered ends

describe the passage in xylem

narrow

Xylem is made of _____ cells, meaning the cells are ____ at maturity.

sclerenchyma, dead

Describe the secondary walls of tracheids

thick

why do the ends of tracheids have pits?

passage of water

xylem vessels

hollow, wide and dead when mature, arranged end to end with open tubes for efficient flow

xylem parenchyma

living cells of xylem which stores food and transport

xylem fibes

consists of lignin, thick wall, dead at maturity, mechanical support and strength

In what form does phloem transport food?

sugars

Which way do things flow in phloem?

two-ways

Transport in phloem is via ____ or ____ pressure.

osmosis, turgor

Phloem cells are live but lack ___.

nuclei

The end walls of phloem are ____.

perforated

Which part of the vascular bundles does phloem reside in?

the outside

What additional substances does phloem transport?

amino acids, mRNA, and hormones

pathway of phloem

leaf to other parts of plants

Why does phloem have sieve plates?

food passage

What is phloem responsible for with food?

long distance food movement

What is the purpose of companion cells that sit next to sieve tubes?

load and unload food materials in sieve tubes

Role of phloem parenchyma

living cell that helps in storing food to transport food to nearby locations

role of phloem fibers

thick wall s for mechanical and physical support

What is the only dead element in phloem?

phloem fibers