Joints and Synovial Joint Movements

Joint or Articulation

Connects a bone with another bone

articulare=to divide into joints

Fibrous joints

have dense fibrous connective tissue with strong collagen fibers that hold the joint firmly together with no synovial cavity

Cartilaginous joints

have either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connecting the bones with no synovial cavity

Synovial joints

syn=together

ovum=egg

have a small synovial cavity (space) between the two bones that permit a greater amount of movement than fibrous or cartilage joints

where does the term synovial come from?

from the synovial fluid present in the synovial cavity that resembles the albumin of an uncooked egg,only more viscous

The functional classification of joints is made on the basis of ______ of movement the joint allows

amount

Synarthroses

syn=union

arthro=joint

"immovable joints"

includes the sutures between the skull bones and the teeth sockets

Intervertebral joints, tibiofibular joint, and the pubic symphysis are examples of slightly moveable joints or?

amphiarthroses

amphi=both sides

What type of joints make up 90% of the body and are freely moveable?

diarthroses

di=apart;away from

Basic Structures of Synovial Joints

synovial cavity

articular cartilage

articular capsule

fibrous capsule

synovial membrane

synovial fluid

synovial cavity

small space between the two articulating bones

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage covering the ends if the bones in the synovial cavity

articular capsule

structure that encloses the synovial joint and the synovial cavity ; has two layers: fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

fibrous capsule

outer dense fibrous connective tissue layer of the articular capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the bone; also forms ligaments when fibrous bundles are parallel

synovial membrane

inner layer of the articular capsule; composed of areolar connective tissue containing elastic fibers and adipocytes

synovial fluid

secreted by the synovial membrane;lubricates the articular cartilages to reduce friction

The Knee Joint

medial meniscus

lateral meniscus

medial collateral ligament

lateral collateral ligament

anterior cruciate ligament

posterior cruciate ligament

patellar ligament

infra patellar fat pad

bursa

medial meniscus

inside of joint of cavity;cushions knee joint

lateral meniscus

inside of joint cavity; cushions knee joints

medial (tibial) collateral ligament

extra-capsular ligament; adds strength to joint medially

lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

extra-capsular ligament; adds strength to joint medially

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

cruci=cross

intra-capsular ligament; attaches the femur and tibia anteriorly

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

intra-capsular ligament; stabilizes joint posteriorly

patellar ligament

extension of tendon from quadriceps muscle; connects patella to tibial tuberosity and stabilizes the joint anteriorly

infra patellar fat pad

infra=beneath

fusion between patellar ligament and synovial capsule

bursa

reduces friction;13 bursae in knee

types of movements of synovial joints

...

gliding

nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other

Angular

flexion

extension

hyperextension

abduction

adduction

circumduction

flexion

flex=to bend

extension

exten=stretch out

hyperextension

hyper=excessive

beyond normal anatomical position

abduction

ab=away

duct=to lead

adduction

ad=toward

circumduction

circ=circle

Rotation

rota=revolve

turn on a pivot with a circle

Special joint movements

elevation

depression

protraction

retraction

supination

pronation

inversion

eversion

dorsiflexion

plantar flexion

elevation

upward movement raising body part vertically

depression

downward movement lowering body part vertically

protraction

pro=in front of ; trahere=to draw

move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane.

retraction

rectracture= to draw back

move a body part backward or posterior

supination

turn palm of the hand to face forward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm outward

pronation

pronate=lying face downward

turn palm of the hand to face backward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm downward

inversion

turn the sole of the foot inward

eversion

turn the sole of the foot outward

dorsiflexion

point your toes upward; stand on your heels

plantar flexion

point your toes downward; raise you heels

Six types of synovial joints

planar joint-gliding

hinge joint

pivot joint

condyloid joint

saddle joint

ball-and-socket joint

planar joint gliding

flex your arm up and feel the gliding movement at the acromioclavicular joint

Hinge joint

flex and extend your elbow and your knee as you feel this joint type.

note how this joint type only moves by

flexion

and

extension

pivot joint

feel the proximal part of your forearm until you locate the head of the radius. Rotate the radioulnar joint as you palpate this rotation movement

condyloid joint

fee the joint between the 2nd metacarpal and the 2nd proximal phalanx. Extend and flex,abduct and adduct, and circumduct this joint

saddle joint

the thumb joint is the only saddle joint in the body. Feel the movement of the trapezium bone (carpal bone) with the 1st metacarpal as you move this joint on two different axes

ball and socket joint

feel your shoulder joint as you move your arm in different motions. Make a full circle with your shoulder joint.

planar (gliding)

gliding motion back and fourth and or side/side

-flat or slightly curved plane

Hinge

flexion/extension

-convex bone surface articulates with a concave bone surface

condyloid

flexion/extension,abduction and adduction, circumduction

-oval convex projection articulates with oval concave depression

saddle

same as condyloid joint, except more exaggerated

-saddle shaped depression articulates with projection that fits into the saddle

ball and socket

freely moveable joint; flexion/extension; abduction/adduction; circumduction ;rotation

-ball shaped head articulates with cup shaped socket

pivot

rotation

-rounded or pointed articulates with ring formed by bone and ligament

What type of joint is the shoulder/humerus

Synovial and Diarthrosis

What type of joint is the elbow

Synovial and Diarthrosis

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis

Cartilaginous and amphiarthrosis

What type of joints are the phalanges

synovial and diarthrosis

What type of joint is the ankle

Fibrous and amphiarosis

What type of joint is the head

Fibrous and synarthrosis

Neck joint is

cartilaginous and amphiarthrosis

Sternum joint is

cartilaginous and amphiarthrosis

Hip joint

Synovial and Diarthrosis

Knee joint

synovial and diarthrosis