4

work w nervous system

release hormones that travel through body & target cells

endocrine system

neurotransmitter: location

nerve synapse

neurotransmitter: how fast

quick

neurotransmitter: how long it lasts

taken away quickly

hormone: location

throughout bloodstream

hormone: how fast

slow

hormone: how long it lasts

remains longer in body

endocrine & nervous system are controlled by ___ feedback

negative

bind to a receptor on surface of cells

formation of SECONDARY MESSENGER

ends in CELLULAR ACTIVITY

water soluble

what hormone does NOT cross PM/enter the cell

water soluble

amino acids

polypeptides

water soluble

hormone-receptor complex BINDS TO DNA

activates TRANSCRIPTION (makes mRNA)

mRNA TRANSLATED to make proteins

lipid soluble

what hormone ENTERS the cell; can freely pass PM

lipid soluble

HYPOTHALAMUS PRODUCED, RELEASED BY POST. PITUITARY

ADH, oxytocin

ANT PITUITARY PRODUCED

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin, GH

THYROID GLAND PRODUCED

thyroxine, calcitonin

PARATHYROID PRODUCED

PTH

ADR MEDULLA SECRETED

epinephrine

ADH CORTEX SECRETED

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

PANCREAS GLAND SECRETED

glucagon, insulin

TESTES PRODUCED

testosterone

OVARIES PRODUCED

estrogen/progesterone

PINEAL GLAND SECRETED

melatonin

KIDNEY RELEASED

erythropoietin, renin

regulates water reabsorption 

RETURNS H2O to BLOODSTREAM

ADH

ADH target

kidneys

stimulated uterine contraction during childbirth

MILK RELEASE

oxytocin

oxytocin target

uterus, mammary glands

stimulates thyroid gland to produce THYROXINE

TSH

TSH target

thyroid

stimulates adrenal cortex to produce CORTISOL

ACTH

ACTH target

adrenal cortex

stimulates GAMETE development

FSH

stimulates ovaries to produce ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE

in females, TESTOSTERONE in males

LH

FSH & LH target

ovaries, testes

causes mammary glands to develop and PRODUCE milk

prolactin function

prolactin target

mammary glands

skeletal and muscular growth

GH function

GH target

bone, muscle, cartilage

regulates metabolism (protein synthesis, lipid breakdown, use of glucose for ATP production)

thyroxine

thyroxine target

most cells in body

regulates calcium levels in bone and blood

LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL

deposits calcium into bone

calcitonin

calcitonin target

bone, kidneys

INCREASES blood calcium levels

PTH

PTH target

bone, kidney, intestine

fight or flight

INCREASES BP, heart rate, BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

epinephrine

epinephrine target

body

reabsorption of water by kidneys

INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE

mineralocorticoids/aldosterone

mineralocorticoids/aldosterone target

kidneys

glucose homeostasis

fat and protein into intermediate substances

inhibit inflammatory response

aids in allowing to survive stress

glucocorticoids/cortisol

RAISES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

glucagon

LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

insulin

glucagon target

liver

insulin target

liver, adipose tissue

growth of male reproductive organs

male secondary sex characteristics, muscular strength

larynx & vocal cords enlarge

sperm production

testosterone

testosterone target

male body

growth of female reproductive organs

secondary sex characteristics

egg maturation

ovarian uterine cycle regulation

estrogen/progesterone

estrogen/progesterone target

female body

circadian rhythms

sexual development

seasonal affect disorder

melatonin

melatonin target

body

stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBC

erythropoietin

erythropoietin target

bone marrow

stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

INCREASES BP

renin

renin target

adrenal cortex

hypothalamus produces hormones that travel to ant. pituitary gland; control when it releases its hormones

how hypothalamus controls pituitary gland

regulates internal environment through autonomic nervous system

controls heartbeat, body temp, water balance

hypothalamus

controlled by nerves from hypothalamus

adrenal medulla

controlled by ACTH

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla secretes

epinephrine

adrenal cortex secretes

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

what lowers blood calcium

calcitonin

what raises blood calcium

PTH

what lowers blood glucose

insulin

what raises blood glucose

glucagon

transports blood containing

* nutrients
* waste
* hormones
* immune cells
* oxygen

circulatory system

components of circulatory system

blood

heart

blood vessels

carry blood AWAY from heart

O2 RICH

arteries

bring O2, water, nutrients TO tissues

arterioles

small vessels

components can pass from blood vessels to other tissues

capillaries

bring O2, water, nutrients AWAY from tissues

venules

carry blood TO heart

O2 POOR

veins

ARTERIAL END: forces fluid OUT of capillaries, INTO tissue

blood pressure

VENOUS END: draws fluid BACK into vessel, FROM tissue

osmotic pressure

pressure that draws GASSES across capillary

diffusion

where nutrients and wastes are exchanged

capillaries

thin-walled upper chambers

reservoirs for blood

atria

thick-walled, lower chambers

poer pulmonary and systemic circuits

ventricles

separates right and left sides of heart

septum

what causes blood to flow in arteries

blood pressure due to heart pumping

what causes blood to flow in veins

skeletal muscle contraction

one-way valves

respiratory movements

flow of blood from heart, to lungs, & back to heart

pulmonary circuit

carry O2 POOR blood TO LUNGS

pulmonary arteries

carry O2 RICH blood FROM LUNGS to left atrium

pulmonary veins

flow of blood through rest of body

SUPPLIED BLOOD TO KIDNEYS

systemic renal

CARRIES O2 RICH blood to all body tissues

aorta

RETURNS O2 POOR blood to right atrium

vena cava

supplies blood to DIGESTIVE ORGANS, liver

hepatic portal

supplies blood to HEART MUSCLE

coronary

high BP (hypertension) causes

kidney unable to balance sodium conc.

stress

obesity

high BP (hypertension) result

heart failure

kidney, blood vessel problems

death