Insight or evolution?

sheer

absolute, utter (thuần túy)

lớn + (scale, size, volume)

disregard someone/something

to ignore something

disregard for sth

the act of ignoring something or treating something as unimportant

prior

earlier, former or more important

predecessor

a person who held a job or office before the current holder

in the aftermath of

events following some occurrence; a consequence of unpleasant events or accidents

conventional wisdom

common beliefs or ideas that most people hold true

place a great/considerable weight on something

attach great importance to something (coi trọng, đánh giá rất cao điều gì)

supplement

to add to, to add something to something to make it larger or better

eg. Some vegetarians like to supplement their diets with iron.

eg. He supplements (= adds to) his income by working in a bar at night.

breakthrough scientific achievements

những thành tựu khoa học đột phá

pop into someone's head

suddenly have an idea

functional

designed to be practical and useful rather than attractive

misrepresent

(v.) to give an incorrect or misleading representation of (trình bày, mô tả sai lệch)

distort

(v.) to give a false or misleading account of; to twist out of shape (biến dạng, xuyên tạc, hiểu nhầm)

in the realm of

an area of interest or activity (more abstract than in the field of)

human endeavors

efforts by a person to do something, especially something new or difficult

disprove sth

to show that something is not what it has been claimed to be; refute; to prove to be false (bác bỏ cái gì)

notion

a belief or idea

a vague notion

an unclear idea

duly

properly, as required (đúng cách)

cumulative

(adj.) increasing, building upon itself (mang tính tích lũy)

eg. The cumulative effect of hours spent in the sun was a deep tan

accumulate (sth)

to collect a large number of things (tích lũy)

unheralded

unnoticed or unappreciated

postulate

hypothesize; propose a basic principle from which further ideas are developed (đưa ra giả thuyết cơ bản)

outer space

any location outside the Earth's atmosphere

noteworthy

worthy of notice; outstanding because of some special excellence

= notable

given the fact that

because/considering that

amid

surrounded by; in the middle of (situation/condition)

fanciful

(adj) whimsical, capricious; imaginary; freely imaginative rather than based on reason or reality (kỳ ảo)

wild speculation

something that you say that is not based on facts and is probably wrong (suy đoán hoang đường)

a novel theory

một giả thuyết mới

novel (adj)

new and different

imperious

(adj.) overbearing, arrogant; seeking to dominate; pressing (hống hách) = arrogant

patronizing

treating with condescension; acting superior

(used to describe behavior, manner, attitude)

jump off from sth (idea, theory, finding) to V

= start from (xuất phát từ) để mà làm cái gì đó mới

eg. Niels Bohr, the Nobel prize-winning father of modern atomic theory, jumped off from this interesting idea to conceive his now-famous model of the atom.

conceive

to come up with, imagine

jump-off point

point of departure (starting point)

eg. This discovery provided a jump-off point for further research.

What are we to make of this story/finding/…?

How should we understand this story/finding?

What + to be + S + to V?

S được cho là nên làm gì

enterprise

eagerness to do something new and clever, despite any risks (sự nỗ lực đầy mạo hiểm)

glean something from someone/something

to collect information in small amounts and often with difficulty (thu thập thông tin rải rác một các khó khăn)

eg. That may be true, but there may be a deeper insight to be gleaned.

arbitrary

unreasonable, random (tùy ý)

eg. In the same way, random, arbitrary or accidental mutations of ideas may help pave the way for advances in science.

thrive (on sth)

to grow, develop, or be successful (because of sth)

= prosper = flourish

eg. Some employees thrive on the challenge of intense workloads.

methodical

systematic, orderly; controlled

• methodical approach/manner/way/work

confer (with sb) (on/about sth)

to consult, to discuss (sth) (with sb)

a shrewd plan

một kế hoạch khôn ngoan

bend the knees

gập đầu gối

just happen to coincide with sth

chỉ tình cờ trùng hợp với việc

eg. His modification just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance.

make an advance

tiến bộ

eg. Scientists are making significant advances in the fight against cancer.

serendipity

the fact of finding interesting or valuable things by chance (sự tình cờ)

serendipitous

happening or found by chance (tình cờ)

misadventure

an instance of misfortune; an accident or bad luck (một sự cố)

ingenious

tài tình, khéo léo

give lie to the claim that + clause

disprove the claim that

banal

commonplace, ordinary

invoke

make use of / refer to something as a reason, authority, or support (viện dẫn đến)

utility

the capacity to be useful and provide satisfaction (tính thiết thực, tính hữu dụng)

coherent

mạch lạc

refrain from doing sth

(v) to not do something that you want to do (cố nhịn, cố nín, kiềm chế)

variation

A change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level. (sự biến đổi)

without any end objective in sight.

mà không có mục tiêu cuối cùng rõ ràng

provenance

origin or source

aspire to sth/to do sth

khao khát cái gì/làm cái gì

provoke (sth)

to cause a particular reaction or have a particular effect (thúc đẩy, khiêu khích)