Functional Human Anatomy - Exam 1

Which of the following best describes the microscopic study of tissues?

a. Anatomy

b. Physiology

c. Histology

d. Cytology

c. Histology

This refers to the study of organ systems of the body.

a. Surface Anatomy

b. Regional Anatomy

c. Systemic Anatomy

d. Gross Anatomy

c. Systemic Anatomy

Which sequence is correct regarding the levels of anatomical organization, from higher to lower complexity?

a. Organism, Organ Systems, Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Chemical

b. Organ Systems, Organs, Cells, Tissues, Chemical, and Organism

c. Organism, Organ Systems, Organs, Tissues, Cells, and Chemical

d. Organ Systems, Tissues, Organism, Organs, Cells, and Chemical

c. Organism, Organ Systems, Organs, Tissues, Cells, and Chemical

In anatomical position, when the body is prone the palms are facing ___.

a. Up

b. Down

c. Toward the body.

d. Away from the body.

b. Down

Which plane separates the body into unequal left and right halves?

a. Frontal Plane

b. Parasagittal Plane

c. Transverse Plane

d. Midsagital Plane

b. Parasagittal Plane

Which of the following best describes the study of the internal and external structures of the human body?

a. Anatomy

b. Physiology

c. Histology

d. Cytology

a. Anatomy

This refers to anatomy of all structures in a specific area of the body.

a. Surface Anatomy

b. Regional Anatomy

c. Systemic Anatomy

d. Gross Anatomy

b. Regional Anatomy

In anatomical position, the palms are facing ___.

a. Away from the body.

b. Toward the body.

c. Forward

d. Backward

c. Forward

Which plane separates the body into equal left and right halves?

a. Frontal Plane

b. Parasagittal Plane

c. Transverse Plane

d. Midsagittal Plane

d. Midsagittal Plane

Which type of connective tissue has a solid, calcified matrix?

a. Adipose Tissue

b. Bone

c. Lymph

d. Cartilage

b. Bone

The three main categories of connective tissue are...

a. Adipose, Skeletal, and Fluid

b. Connective Tissue Proper, Fluid, and Supporting

c. Loose, Dense, and Fluid

d. Connective Tissue Proper, Loose, and Dense

b. Connective Tissue Proper, Fluid, and Supporting

Adipose tissue is categorized by two types - white fat and brown fat. Brown fat is...

a. Just plain dirty.

b. Highly vascularized.

c. Found in infants and young children.

d. Provides quick heat.

e. B, C, and D.

e. B, C, and D.

Cartilage is avascular (has no blood supply) and will heal well when injured.

a. True

b. False

b. False

Blood is a fluid connective tissue and has the following specialized cells:

a. Erythrocytes, Lymphocytes, Osteocytes

b. Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

c. Leukocytes, Platelets, Chrondrocytes

d. Lymphocytes, Leukocytes, Erthrocytes

b. Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

Which type of connective tissue has a gelatinous matrix?

a. Adipose Tissue

b. Bone

c. Lymph

d. Cartilage

d. Cartilage

Connective tissues have the following functions:

a. Provide structure and support.

b. Transport fluid and dissolved material.

c. Contract to produce movement.

d. A and B

e. All of the above.

d. A and B

Hyaline cartilage is found in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi and is extremely strong, supportive and inflexible.

a. True

b. False

b. False

These are the four primary tissue types in the human body.

a. Connective, Blood, Skeletal, Neural

b. Epithelial, Connective, Blood, Nerve

c. Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Neural

d. Connective, Muscular, Neural, Gastrointestinal

c. Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Neural

The matrix of bone is made of chondroitin sulfate, is solid but somewhat gelatinous.

a. True

b. False

b. False

The following might be seen in a person with Marfan Syndrome:

a. Unusual amounts of elastic fibers in the connective tissue.

b. Poor vision, longer than normal bones, flat feet.

c. Cardiac abnormalities.

d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

___ muscles are contractile organs directly or indirectly attached to bones of the skeleton.

a. Cardiac

b. Smooth

c. Skeletal

d. Skeletal or Smooth

c. Skeletal

This type of muscle is controlled voluntarily.

a. Cardiac

b. Smooth

c. Skeletal

d. All of the above.

c. Skeletal

All of the following occur with aging muscles except...

a. Contain more myoglobin.

b. Muscles fibers become less elastic.

c. Muscles contain less glycogen reserves.

d. Ability to recover from injury decreases.

a. Contain more myoglobin.

When this is released by the synaptic vesicles, it causes a change in the muscle fiber membrane potential that spreads along the T tubules.

a. Axon Terminals

b. Calcium

c. ACh (Acetylcholine)

d. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

c. ACh (Acetylcholine)

If someone is hypotonic, the resting state of their muscles could be described as very tight.

a. True

b. False

b. False

Each skeletal muscle in the body begins at a(n) ___, ends at a(n) ___, and contracts to produce a specific ___.

a. Insertion, Action, Origin

b. Action, Insertion, Origin

c. Origin, Insertion, Action

d. Insertion, Origin, Action

c. Origin, Insertion, Action

Cross-bridge binding refers to...

a. The release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during a muscle contraction.

b. The union between the Outerbridge Crossing and the Verrazano.

c. The binding of myosin heads to actin.

d. The release of acetylcholine (ACh) during a muscle contraction.

c. The binding of myosin heads to actin.

The three types of skeletal muscle fibers are:

a. Loose, Dense, Fibrous

b. Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

c. Fast, Slow, Intermediate

d. Actin, Myosin, Myofibril

c. Fast, Slow, Intermediate

This is not true of muscular atrophy.

a. It occurs with overuse of a muscle.

b. It occurs from discontinued use of a muscle.

c. Exercise and physical therapy are ways to reduce its effects.

d. It causes a decrease in muscle mass and tone.

a. It occurs with overuse of a muscle.

The appendicular skeleton consists of all the following except...

a. The shoulder girdle.

b. The leg.

c. The rib cage.

d. The arm.

c. The rib cage.

These are some of the functions of the skeletal system.

a. Provides support, storage of minerals, and aids with blood circulation.

b. Blood cell production, leverage, and strengthens muscles.

c. Storage of minerals, blood cell filtration, and protection.

d. Provide support, storage of minerals, and protection.

d. Provide support, storage of minerals, and protection.

These bones are boxlike and examples are carpal and tarsal bones.

a. Pneumatized Bones

b. Sesamoid Bones

c. Short Bones

d. Sutural Bones

c. Short Bones

This is not true regarding synovial joints.

a. The less mobile the joint, the greater the chance of dislocation.

b. The more mobile the joint, the greater the chance of dislocation.

c. The less mobile the joint, the lesser the chance of dislocation.

d. There is a trade-off between mobility and stability/strength.

a. The less mobile the joint, the greater the chance of dislocation.

There are three categories of motions that can be produced at a synovial joint. They are:

a. Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, and Internal/External Rotation

b. Angular, Rotational, and Special Movements

c. Slow, Painful, and Weak

d. Synarthrotic, Ampiarthrotic, and Diarthrotic

b. Angular, Rotational, and Special Movements

These bones are strong but lightweight and contain red bone marrow in the adult.

a. Long Bones

b. Pneumatized Bones

c. Flat Bones

d. Short Bones

a. Long Bones

This is not true of synarthrotic joints.

a. They are immovable joints, as in a suture between two bones.

b. A gomphosis (between teeth and jaw) is an example.

c. There can be a good deal of movement, as in a synchondrosis.

d. They are one type of three types of joints in the body.

c. There can be a good deal of movement, as in a synchondrosis.

The following is true regarding synovial joints:

a. The more mobile the joint, the less strong it is.

b. The less mobile the joint, the less strong it is.

c. Limited mobility reduces the chance of injury.

d. A and C

d. A and C

Match the following with the appropriate definition.

1. Osteoblasts

2. Osteocytes

3. Osteoclasts

4. Osteoprogenitor Cells

5. Osteolysis

a. The dissolving or breaking down of bone.

b. Cells that make new bone.

c. Cells that dissolve bone.

d. Mature bone cells.

e. Bone stem cells; involved in bone repair.

1. Osteoblasts - b. Cells that make new bone.

2. Osteocytes - d. Mature bone cells.

3. Osteoclasts - c. Cells that dissolve bone.

4. Osteoprogenitor Cells - e. Bone stem cells; involved in bone repair.

5. Osteolysis - a. The dissolving or breaking down of bone.

This type of bone conducts stress from one end to the other end of the long bone but it is weak when stress is applied to the side.

a. Spongy Bone

b. Compact Bone

c. Trabecular Bone

d. Cancellous Bone

b. Compact Bone

This area is the site of bone growth and is active until puberty. It is also known as the growth plate.

a. Diaphysis

b. Epiphyseal Cartilage

c. Periosteum

d. Endosteum

b. Epiphyseal Cartilage

These bones make up the bony nasal septum.

a. Palatine Bones

b. Vomer and Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone

c. Temporal Bones and Maxillary bones

d. Nasal Bones

b. Vomer and Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone

All are functions of the axial skeleton, except...

a. It provides support and protects internal organs.

b. It consists of joints that can perform opposition.

c. It protects special sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision.

d. It is the attachment site for muscles that adjust the posture of the head, neck, and trunk.

b. It consists of joints that can perform opposition.

This pair of bones make up the posterior of the hard palate or the roof of the mouth.

a. Frontal Bones

b. Inferior Nasal Conchae

c. Nasal Bones

d. Palatine Bones

d. Palatine Bones

They hyoid bone is suspended by the stylohyoid ligaments and fixed in place.

a. True

b. False

b. False

These bones articulate at the TMJ or temporomandibular joint.

a. Mandible and Maxilla

b. Temporal and Mandible

c. Temporal and Maxilla

d. Lower Jaw and Upper Jaw

b. Temporal and Mandible

The optic or ocular orbit is formed by

a. A combination of some cranial and facial bones.

b. Cranial bones only.

c. Facial bones only.

d. Every bone in the skull.

a. A combination of some cranial and facial bones.

These sinuses are posterior to the ocular orbits.

a. Frontal and Ethmoidal

b. Ethmoidal

c. Sphenoidal

d. Ethmoidal and Spenoidal

c. Sphenoidal

This bone is "free floating," in that it is not dircetly attached to any other bones.

a. Mandible

b. Ethmoid

c. Sphenoid

d. Hyoid

d. Hyoid

Tears wash over the eyeball and are drained through this on their way to the nasal passages.

a. Paranasal Sinuses

b. Nostrils

c. Nasal Septum

d. Nasolacrimal Canal

d. Nasolacrimal Canal

The palpable bony landmark at the base of the skull is the ___.

a. Foremen Magnum

b. External Occipital Protuberance

c. Styloid Process

d. Zygomatic Arch

b. External Occipital Protuberance

This segment of the spine has 12 vertebrae.

a. Cervical

b. Thoracic

c. Lumbar

d. Sacral

b. Thoracic

The most inferior component of the sternum is called the ___.

a. Jugular Notch

b. Manubrium

c. Body

d. Xiphoid Process

d. Xiphoid Process

Functions of the vertebral column include all of the following, except ___.

a. Production of heat.

b. Supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk.

c. Supports the skull.

d. Helps maintain the body in an upright position.

a. Production of heat.

These vertebrae have large bodies and spinous processes that point posteriorly.

a. Cervical

b. Thoracic

c. Lumbar

d. A, B, and C

c. Lumbar

This area of the vertebral column has intervertebral discs between vertebrae.

a. Cervical

b. Thoracic

c. Lumbar

d. A, B, and C

d. A, B, and C

This area provides a housing for the spinal cord.

a. Intervertebral Foremen

b. Spinous Process

c. Vertebral Body

d. Vertebral Canal

d. Vertebral Canal

These vertebrae had bifid spinous processes.

a. Cervical

b. Thoracic

c. Lumbar

d. A, B, and C

a. Cervical

The most movement available in the vertebral column is found in this segment.

a. C1-C7

b. C3-C7

c. C3-T12

d. L1-L5

b. C3-C7

The vertebral column can move in the following ways: flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation.

a. True

b. False

a. True

The superior articulating facet of one vertebra would articulate with the inferior articulating facet of the vertebra below it.

a. True

b. False

b. False

The ___ play an important role in holding the axial skeleton in proper alignment.

a. Bones and Cartilage

b. Muscles and Ligaments

c. Arms and Legs

d. Spinal Cord and Nerves

b. Muscles and Ligaments

If the muscles of the abdominal region are weak, there will be excess strain in this region, possibly creating a lordosis.

a. Thoracic Cage

b. Sacroiliac Joint

c. Lumbar Spine

d. Thoracic Spine

c. Lumbar Spine

What is myelin?

a. The cell body of a neuron.

b. A long, slender process of neuron that is capable of conducting nerve impulses.

c. A membrane wrapping on an axon that increases the speed of action potential propagation.

d. A neuroglia cell.

c. A membrane wrapping on an axon that increases the speed of action potential propagation.

Which of the following divisions of the nervous system carries sensory information directly from muscles and visceral organs?

a. The efferent division of the central nervous system.

b. The afferent division of the central nervous system.

c. The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

d. The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

d. The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

These neuroglial cells cover CNS axons with myelin.

a. Oligodendrocytes

b. Astrocytes

c. Schwann Cells

d. Satellite Cells

a. Oligodendrocytes

The ventral horn of the spinal cord is where ___ would be found.

a. Somatic Motor Neurons

b. Visceral Motor Neurons

c. PNS Tracts

d. Sensory Neurons

a. Somatic Motor Neurons

This is the outermost layer of the spinal meninges and acts to support and cushion the spinal cord.

a. Pia Mater

b. Arachnoid Mater

c. Dura Mater

d. It doesn't matter.

c. Dura Mater

What is an axon?

a. The cell body of a neuron.

b. A long, slender process of neuron that is capable of conducting nerve impulses.

c. A membrane wrapping on an axon that increases the speed of action potential propagation.

d. A neuroglia cell.

b. A long, slender process of neuron that is capable of conducting nerve impulses.

Which of the following divisions of the nervous system carries motor commands to muscles and glands?

a. The efferent division of the central nervous system.

b. The afferent division of the central nervous system.

c. The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

d. The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

c. The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

Ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are neuroglial cells in the PNS.

a. True

b. False

b. False

These neuroglial cells cover peripheral axons with myelin.

a. Oligodendrocytes

b. Astrocytes

c. Schwann Cells

d. Satellite Cells

c. Schwann Cells

The three functional classifications of neurons are :

a. Afferent, Efferent, and Motor

b. Sensory, Motor, and Interneuron

c. Afferent, Efferent, and Interneuron

d. Afferent, Efferent, and Sensory

b. Sensory, Motor, and Interneuron

The entire spinal cord is divided into ___ segments.

a. 25

b. 30

c. 31

d. 36

c. 31