Exam 2 pt 1 Microbio lecture

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, etc

What are the net products of glycolysis per glucose?

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 net ATP

What does pyruvate oxidation produce per glucose?

2 acetyl-coa, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

What does the Krebs cycle produce per glucose?

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP/GTP, 4 CO2

Where is the bacterial electron transport chain located?

plasma membrane

Where is the eukaryotic electron transport chain located?

inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

O2

How does fermentation regenerate NAD+?

NADH transfers electrons to pyruvate

Why can antibiotics work well during the log phase?

target cell-wall synthesis and growth

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic O2 final electron acceptor anaerobic final nitrate or sulfate

What is the difference between respiration and fermentation?

respiration uses etc, fermentation does not and regenerates NAD+ with organic molecule

How much NET ATP does fermentation usually produce per glucose?

2 Net ATP from glycolysis

What are the products of homolactic fermentation?

Two lactate molecules

What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

Two ethanol, 2 CO2

What is chemiosmosis?

protons flow down gradient through ATP synthase driving ATP production

What create the proton motive force (PMF)?

electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane

What does ATP synthase do?

uses chemiosmosis to make ATP

Name two possible final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration

Nitrate, sulfate

what is the chemical formula for superoxide

O2*-

What is the Chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide?

H2O2

What is the formula for the hydroxyl radical?

*OH

What does superoxide dismutase (SOD) do? and equation (answer only)

2 O2*- + 2H → H2O2 + O2

What is an obligate aerobe?

requires oxygen to grow

What is a facultative anaerobe?

grows with or without oxygen, growing better with it

What is an obligate anaerobe?

does not use oxygen, can be toxic

What is an aerotolerant anaerobe?

does not use oxygen but tolerates it

What is a microaerophile?

requires oxygen at concentrations lower than atmospheric levels

What are the four bacterial growth phases?

Log, lag, stationary, death

What happens during lag phase?

B > D

What happens during Log phase?

B > > D

What happens during stationary phase?

B = D

What happens during Death phase?

D > B

What is the bacterial population growth formula?

Nn = N0 X 2n

What does CHONPS stand for?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

what is a phototroph?

obtains energy from light

What is a chemotroph?

obtains energy from chemicals

What is an autotroph?

uses CO2 as carbon source

What is a heterotroph?

uses organic compounds as carbon source

What is a psychophile?

cold environment 5-15C

What is a Mesophile?

moderate environment 20-50C

What is a thermophile?

high temperature environment 50-80C

What is a hyper thermophile?

very high temperature environment 80-115C

What is an acidophile?

acidic conditions 2-5ph

What is an alkaliphile?

basic conditions 8-10ph

what is a neutrophile?

neutral conditions 6-8ph

What happens to a bacterial cell in a hypotonic solution?

water enters cell, cell wall prevents osmotic lysis

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

water leaves cell, potentially causes plasmolysis

What is osmosis?

movement of water across selectively permeable membrane towards hypertonic solution

What is binary fusion?

asexual reproduction of one cell into two daughter cells

what is the typical structure of a bacterial chromosome?

single circular chromosome in the nucleoid

What is a plasmid?

extra-chromosomal DNA that can carry antibiotic resistant genes

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA → RNA → protein

What is transcription?

process of making RNA from a DNA template

What is translation?

using mRNA intersections to make a polypeptide at a ribosome

What is a horizontal gene transfer?

movement of genetic material between two organisms

What is conjugation?

DNA transfer between bac cells through direct contact

What is an F+ bacterial cell?

fertility plasmid that acts as DNA donor during conjugation

What is an R plasmid?

gene carrier that contains antibiotic resistance

What is RNA → DNA?

reverse transcription

What is Genetic Recombination?

DNA changes between bacteria at horizontal level

What is transformation?

indirect contact of bac through fragments of DNA integrating into another bac chromosome

What is Tranduction?

indirect contact through phage which latches and passes DNA by recombination to another bac

What does Gyrase do in DNA Replication?

uncoils DNA supercoils before reaching helicase

What does Helicase do in DNA replication?

Breaks the H bonds into separate DNA strands (A-T)

What does Single stranded binding proteins do in DNA Replication?

keeps DNA single stranded in replication fork

What is the RNA primer?

short strands of RNA bases

What is RNA primase?

enzyme that makes RNA primer

What is DNA Polymerase 3

long DNA strand that compliments the template

Leading strand

one continuous strand of DNA

Lagging strand

multiple RNA primers make okiwazaki fragments of DNA

DNA Polymerase 1

short segment that removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA

What is Ligase?

connected okiwazaki fragments through phosphodiester linkage