Week 7 Special Pop Mid-term Exam review.

What is the difference between Gynecology and Obstetrics?

-Gynecology is the branch of medicine that deals with the health maintenance and diseases of women with their reproductive organs

-Obstetrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the care of women throughout pregnancy

What are the

three functions of

the vagina?

• The vagina serves as the birth canal during childbirth.

• It allows for sexual intercourse.

• It provides a passageway for menstrual fluid to exit the body.

What are the three

layers of tissue that

make up the uterus?

The three layers of tissue are the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.

What do most eggs get fertilized?

In the distal third of the fallopian tube.

After a follicle on an ovary ruptures and releases an egg out into the abdominal cavity, the ruptured follicle develops into the? This site

is responsible for

producing progesterone

during the second half

of the menstrual c

What is Primary

Amenorrhea

Means a women never

started having regular

menstrual periods.

What is Secondary

Amenorrhea?

Means a women who

had already started to

have regular

menstrual cycles

suddenly stops.

What is dyspareunia?

Pain during sexual intercourse

What is dysmenorrhea?

Excessive pain during menstruation.

What is Mittelschmerz?

Pain related to peritoneal irritation due to ovulation

What is menorrhagia?

Excessive menstrual flow

A condition where

endometrial tissue is

found outside the

uterus is termed:

endometriosis.

A pneumothorax

related to this

condition is known as:

Catamenial Pneumothorax

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

The two phases of the ovarian cycle are the follicular phase and the luteal phase.

What are the

three phases of

the uterine

cycle?

The three phases of the uterine cycle are the menstrual phase, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase.

What is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy?

The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube.

A normal umbilical cord contains ___ arteries and ___ vein.

–2 Arteries

–1 Vein

Veins behind the placenta are only arteries

What is also

known as “the

organ of

pregnancy”?

The placenta it gives oxygen glucose hormones and takes away all the waste products it is a hub from the baby to mom.

Pregnancy gestation is divided into what?

Trimesters, Each trimester is 13 weeks, or 3 calendar months long.

The “Due Date” is also known as the:

Estimated date of Confinement

Estimated date of Delivery

Pregnancy is broken down into 3 stages:

Preembryonic stage

The Embryonic Stage

The Fetal Stage

Preembryonic is from when?

First 14 days following conception some congenital defects happen in this stage

The Embryonic stage

occurs:

Begins at day 15 and

ends at 8 weeks most congenital defects happen is this stage.

The Fetal stage

occurs:

8 weeks until delivery

What is regular term labor?

40 weeks W

What is considered full term?

38 weeks to 42 weeks

Whats i considered permature

37 or less

what happens to a pregnant women?

O2-20% increase in O2 consumption.

HR-15-25% increase

BP-Decreases Slightly

Cardiac Output-Increases by 1 to 1.5 L/min

Blood Volume-45% increase in blood volume.

Stroke Volume-30% increase

Everything goes up except the blood pressure.

How much blood does you kidneys filter every day

The kidneys filter approximately 50 gallons (about 200 liters) of blood daily, allowing for waste removal and fluid balance.

The umbilical vein divides into two branches before reaching the liver; one branch connects directly to the inferior vena cava by a specialized structure called the:

Ductus Venosus which will turn into the ligament a taries. it will pay 2/3 or 75% of total blood.

Du

ring fetal

circulation, well

oxygenated blood

from the inferior

vena cava enters the

right atrium, and

most of the blood

flows directly into

the left atrium

through a hole called

the:

Foramen

Ovale which will turn into the fossa ovalis after birth.

The fetal shunt that connects the pulmonary artery with the aortic arch is the:

–Ductus Arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum

Does blood go from the the

pulmonary artery to the aorta but after th

At about week 35 of

gestation, the alveolar

cells in the lungs start

producing _______,

which will prevent the

alveoli from collapsing

when the baby starts

to use its own

respiratory system

after birth.

Type 2 cells –Surfactant

A ____________ occurs as a result of an abnormal implantation of the placenta on the lower half of the uterine wall, resulting in a complete or partial coverage of the cervical opening.

Placenta previa. this will present with lil cramping lose of mucus plug and bleeds without pain.

The premature separation of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall is termed a(n):

Abruptio placentae. ripping tearing pain with or without massive hemorrhage. concealed or unconcealed

When is a pregnant patient most likely to have abrupt placenta.

Abruptio placentae is most likely to occur in the third trimester, particularly in the late second or early third trimester, often associated with trauma or other risk factors.

when do most women have a miscarriage

10-12 weeks after conception, often due to chromosomal abnormalities.

What occurs

during the first

stage of labor?

–Di lation of the cervix this is the longes stage for a woman in labor, typically lasting from the onset of contractions until the cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm.

Effacement

is the thinning and shortening of the cervix that occurs in preparation for childbirth, often measured as a percentage.

What occurs during the second stage of labor?

–Birth of the baby.

After the head of the newborn is born, how long do you suction their airway for?

–You don’t!! unless meconium staining is present use a meconium staining and use a meconium aspirator. this caused by stress moreover hypoxia,.

What occurs during the third stage of labor?

Birth of the placenta

The placenta will usually be delivered how long after the birth of the newborn?

–20 minutes

Placenta accreta

is a condition where the placenta attaches too deeply into the uterine wall, potentially leading to complications during delivery. Do a fundal massage

Following the delivery of a new born where should you place the umbilical clapms?

4 inches from the baby and the second clamp about 2 inches from the first clamp. at least a minute after birth at t he level of the placents warm dry first.

Kid is having failure to thrive with entire volume ejection vomiting–20 minutes you should suspect?

Pyloric stenosis is a condition in infants that leads to a narrowing of the pylorus, causing severe vomiting and preventing food from entering the small intestine. It typically requires surgical intervention.

What is considered to be the most common birth defect?

Congenital heart defects

What is the most common type of congenital heart defect?

VSD or ASD

Define the condition known as a Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA):

–It is a condition in which the ductus arteriosus does not close a shunting of blood going from the aorta into the pulmonary arteries puling pressure of the pulmonary system cause blue baby syndrome.

What is an ASD?

–Itis a hole found in the atrial septum of the heart–The most common heart birth defect left to right shunting of blood. It allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, which can lead to increased blood flow to the lungs and potential heart enlargement.

What is a VSD?

–It is a hole found in the ventricular septum. This defect allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, leading to increased blood flow to the lungs and potential heart failure. It can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, rapid breathing, and difficulty feeding in infants.

An adult who has had an undetected Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) for decades usually has a shortened life span why is this?

Because it will cause too much pressure to the right ventricle and wear it out!

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a combination of four congenital heart defects they?

-Pulmonary valse stenosis

-RVH

-VSD

-Overriding Aorta

Flex their legs into their chest this increases afterload pressure and this will push blood up the pulmonary aftery enhancing perifera perfusion -This condition leads to reduced blood flow to the lungs and oxygen-poor blood being pumped to the body, resulting in cyanosis and exercise intolerance.

What is Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?

–This is where there are two complete separated cardiovascular systems. This condition occurs when the aorta and pulmonary artery are swapped, causing oxygen-poor blood to circulate through the body and oxygen-rich blood to flow back to the lungs.

Dextro TGA- is the more common form, where the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle. This results in two parallel circulations that cannot oxygenate the blood without intervention. TWO COMPLEAT DIFFERENT SYSTEMS. pt requires prostaglandin to keep shunts open.

Where in the aorta is the most common place to have coarctation?

–Where the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta blocks blood flow.

A birth defect where there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm, which allows for part of the abdominal organs to go up into the chest cavity is termed a:

Diaphragmatic

Hernia semi foulers position and intubation

Protrusion of the membranes that cover the spine and the spinal cord itself through a defect in the bony encasement of the vertebral column is called:

Meningomyelocle Meningocele or spina bifida moist dressing lateral side

A birth defect in which the infant’s intestines or other abdominal organs stick out the umbilicus is known as:

Omphalocele do not clamp keep moist transfer

The posterior

fontanelle generally

closes by:

3 months

The anterior

fontanelle diminishes

after 6 months and

usually closes

between:

9-18 months

What is the most common reason for a pediatric patient to go into cardiac arrest?

A respiratory problem

What disease is

responsible for killing

the most pediatric

patients?

Trauma

What IV/IO medication

is usually the first to

be administered to a

pediatric patient with

the bradycardia?

Epi 1:10,000

-0.01 mg/kg or 0.1 mL/kg Max single dose is 1 mg

No atropine

What is a Breech Presentation?

Buttocks or both feet present first.

What is your treatment for breech presentation

Insert gloved hand administer o2

What is a Prolapsed Cord?

Umbilical cord precedes fetal presenting part

What is your treatment for prolapsed cord?

face down ass up

keep the cord warm

What is a Limb

Presentation?

Arm or leg protruding from the vagina

you con not deliver in the field transfer quickly and raido ahaed of time

What is a uterine inversion.

–Rare emergency; uterus turns inside out after delivery; extends through cervix.

What is the treatment for a uterine inversion.

Shove that thing back in first try and close those legs

What is usually the cause of Croup?

It is usually a viral infection slow ontet low fever

Stepals sign

What is usually the cause of epiglottitis?

It is a bacterial infection high fever fast onset and drooling severe sore throat and stridor.

What is the dose for nebulized racemic Epi

0.5ml RecEpi+4mLnormal saline via nebulizer.

List the correct CPR ratios for Child/Infant

-15:2

-30:2

List the correct CPR ratios for Newborn

3:1

You are treating a pediatric patient that presents with compensated hypovolemic shock. The patient weighs 22 pounds. How much fluid would you administer to this patient?

200 mL’s given over 5-10 minutes

Describe the ideal position for a pediatric patient to have an open, patent airway (non trauma)

-Glabella Chin plane horizontally aligned

-Wide open neck

-Ear to sternal notch horizontally aligned

**Padding behind their shoulder**

What three items do you evaluate using the Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT)?

Appearance AMS

Work of Breathing RRQ

Circulation Color

Sick or not sick?

Wh at are the two ways in which you can estimate the size of an ET tube for a pediatric patient?

Age divided by 4 plus 4

How should you estimate the weight of a pediatric patient?

(age times 3) + 7

What are the systolic B/P thresholds for the below ages?

0-1 >60

1-1 >70

1-10 >70+(2xAge)

10+ >90

What is usually the most common type of shock for a pediatric to present with?

Hypovolemic Shock

At what heart rate would suspect an infant to be in SVT

greater than 220 beats per minute be a good investigator to see id they just reverted back to sinus Tachycardia.

What is the most common cause of SVT in pediatrics?

AVNRT

What is the pediatric dose of Adenosine for a patient in SVT?

1st Dose 0.1 mg/kg (max of 6 mg) rapid IV push followed by a rapid flush of fluid.

2nd Dose 0.2 mg/kg (max of 12 mg) rapid IV push followed by a rapid flush of fluid.

3rd Try a fluid challenge.

What is the pediatric dose for Albuterol?

Cut off age 2 y/o

What is the pediatric dose of Amiodarone for V Fib/pVT? How about v-tach with a pulse?

What is the pediatric dose of Atropine?

What is the pediatric dose of Atrovent?

What is the pediatric dose of Epinephrine 1:10,000 for the following conditions:

What is the dose of Epi 1:1,000 for a pediatric patient suffering from anaphylaxis?

What is the maintenance infusion rate for lidocaine.

–20 - 50 mcg/kg/min

What is the pediatric dose of Dexamethasone?

What is the adult dose of dexamethasone?

10 mg

What is the correct dose of Dextrose for the below pediatric ages:

2 weeks less than 45 mm/dl

What is the pediatric

dose of

Diphenhydramine?

What is the dose of

Dopamine for a

pediatric patient?