Chemistry 1 Test 2

Includes information on Periodic Table & Trends, Chemical Bond & Nomenclature, Lewis Structures, and VSEPR Theory & Molecular Polarity

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)

Developed the modern periodic table

Periodic Law

When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, certain sets of properties recurve periodically

Vertical columns represents what on a periodic table?

Groups of elements

Horizontal columns represents what on a periodic table?

Periods

What elements are in group 1?

Alkali Metals

What elements are in group 2?

Earth Alkali Metals

What elements are in groups 3-12?

Transition Metals

What elements are in group 15?

Pnictogens

What elements are in group 16?

Chalogens

What elements are in group 17?

Halogens

What elements are in group 18?

Noble Gases

Where are metals located on the periodic table?

On the left

Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table?

On the right

Where are metalloids located on the periodic table?

Along a zigzag line that separate metals and nonmetals

How many valence electrons are in group 1?

1

How many valence electrons are in group 2?

2

How many valence electrons are in group 13?

3

How many valence electrons are in group 14?

4

How many valence electrons are in group 15?

5

How many valence electrons are in group 16?

6

How many valence electrons are in group 17?

7

How many valence electrons are in group 18?

8

What type of block does group 1 & 2 have?

The s block

What type of block does group 3-12 have?

The d Block

What type of block does groups 13-17 have?

The p Block

What type of block is the Lanthanides and Actinides?

The f block

Effective Nuclear Charger(Zeff)

Net positive charge experienced by an electron after the shielding effect of inner-shell electrons

What equation do you use to find the Zeff?

Zeff = Z - Shielding

What is the range of the shielding ability of subshells?

s>p>d>f

When does Atomic radius decrease?

As you go across a period

When does atomic radius increase?

As you go down a group

Why does radius size increase as you go down a group?

Because of a decrease in Zeff and being farther away from the nucleus

Why does atomic radius decrease as you go across a period?

Because of the increase in Zeff and staying in the same energy level

Why are ctionic radii smaller than their atomic radii?

Due to the lost of electrons causing the electron/proton attraction to go up

Why are an ionic radii larger then their atomic radii?

Because it gained electrons, causing the electron/proton attraction to decrease

What is the relationship between electtron/proton attraction and size?

Inversely Proportional

Ionization Energy (IE)

Minimum energy required to remove a electron from the ground state of a gaseous atom

When does ionization energy (IE) increase?

As you go across the period and up a group

Why does IE increase as you go up a group and across a period?

Because Zeff increases

Do metals or nonmetals have higher IE?

Nonmetals do

Electron Affinity (EA)

Energy change for the process of adding a electron to a gaseous atom to form a anion

Does nonmetals or metals have higher EA?

Nonmetals

For a group, when does ionization energy increase?

As you go up

For a group, when does electron affinity increase?

As you go up (left to right)

1st Type of Chemical Compounds

Ionic Compounds

2nd Type of Chemical Compounds

Covalent (or molecular) compounds

Ionic Compounds

Made up of a metal cation (+) and a nonmetal anion (-)

What are ionic compounds held together by?

Electrostatic attraction

Covalent (or molecular) Compounds

Made up of 2 or more nonmetals atoms

What are Covalent Compounds held together by?

Sharing electrons

For ionic compounds transition metals, what do you do if the cation can have more than 1 possible charge?

You write the name of the cation and write the charge as a Roman numeral in parentheses

For ionic compound transition metals, what do you do if the cation DOESNT have more than 1 possible charge?

Just write the name

1st Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Ammonium

What is the formula for Ammonium?

NH₄⁺

2nd Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Hydronium

3rd Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Peroxide

4th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Hydroxide

5th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Acetate

6th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

cyanide

7th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Azide

8th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Carbonate

9th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Bicarbonate

10th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Nitrate

11th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Nitrite

12th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Sulfate

13th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Hydrogen sulfate

14th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Sulfite

15th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Hydrogen sulfite

16th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

phosphate

17th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

hydrogen phosphate

18th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

dihydrogen phosphate

19th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Perchlorate

19th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Hypochlorite

20th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Chlorate

21th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

chlorite

22nd Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Hypochlorite

23rd Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Chromate

24th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

dichromate

25th Type of Common Polyatomic Ions

Permanganate

For ionic compounds transition metals, what do you do for the monoatomic anion?

Change it’s ending to -ide

For ionic compounds transition metals, what do you do for polyatomic anions?

Just write the name of the ion

Hydrates

ionic compounds containing a specific number of waters for
each formula unit.

In formula for hydrates, where is the water attached?

After the rest of the formula

In the compound name, how are attached water indicated?

prefix + hydrate after name of ionic compound

What does the prefix hemi- mean?

1/2

What does the prefix mono- mean?

1

What does the prefix di- mean?

2

What does the prefix tri- mean?

3

What does the prefix tetra- mean?

4

What does the prefix penta- mean?

5

What does the prefix hexa- mean?

6

What does the prefix hepta- mean?

7

What does the prefix octa- mean?

8

What does the prefix nona- mean?

9

What does the prefix deca- mean?

10

How do you name nonmetals in molecular compounds?

Prefix + name of 1st Element prefix+ base name of 2nd element + -ide

In aqueous solutions, what do acids contain?

H⁺ Cation

Binary Acids

use prefix hydro-, -ide become -ic and add acid

For binary acids, what does -ide become?

-ic

Oxyacids

omit hydrogen, -ate change to -ic (-ite change to -ous) and add acid