Opioids, Sedatives, Tranqs, Agonists, antagonists, colloids, and crystalloids

lecture 5

Morphine

Full mu opioid agonist – Potent analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain.

Fentanyl

Full mu opioid agonist – Highly potent, short-acting analgesic used for severe pain.

Hydromorphone

Full mu opioid agonist – Potent analgesic, approximately five times stronger than morphine.

Oxymorphone

Full mu opioid agonist – Potent analgesic used for pain relief, sedation, and preanesthetic purposes.

Methadone

Full mu opioid agonist – Synthetic opioid providing analgesia and blocking NMDA receptors.

Codeine

Full opioid agonist – Weaker opioid used for pain relief and cough suppression.

Hydrocodone

Full opioid agonist – Opioid analgesic used for pain relief.

Levorphanol

Full opioid agonist – Opioid analgesic that activates opioid receptors.

Meperidine

Full opioid agonist – Opioid analgesic used to relieve pain.

Tramadol

Partial opioid agonist – Analgesic with partial opioid activity used for pain relief.

Oxycodone

Full opioid agonist – Opioid analgesic used to manage moderate to severe pain.

Buprenorphine

Partial mu opioid agonist – Long-acting analgesic that produces a ceiling effect.

Butorphanol

Mixed opioid agonist-antagonist – Kappa agonist and partial mu antagonist that provides analgesia.

Naloxone

Opioid antagonist – Blocks opioid receptors and reverses opioid effects and overdose.

Naltrexone

Opioid antagonist – Blocks opioid receptors and prevents opioid effects.

Apomorphine

Dopamine agonist / Emetic – Stimulates dopamine receptors to induce vomiting.

Propofol

Injectable anesthetic – Produces rapid unconsciousness with a quick recovery time.

Thiopental

Ultra-short-acting barbiturate – Injectable anesthetic formerly used to induce anesthesia.

Pentobarbital

Shorter-acting barbiturate – Commonly used in veterinary euthanasia solutions.

Phenobarbital

Long-acting barbiturate – Anticonvulsant used to control seizures in animals.

Ketamine

Dissociative anesthetic – Produces unconsciousness and somatic analgesia while maintaining many reflexes.

Tiletamine

Dissociative anesthetic – Produces a cataleptic state with unconsciousness and dissociation.

Isoflurane

Inhalation anesthetic – Gas anesthetic used to maintain general anesthesia.

Sevoflurane

Inhalation anesthetic – Inhaled gas used to produce and maintain unconsciousness.

Desflurane

Inhalation anesthetic – Volatile gas anesthetic with a high minimum alveolar concentration (MAC).

Acepromazine

Phenothiazine tranquilizer – Reduces anxiety and calms animals by blocking dopamine receptors.

Chlorpromazine

Phenothiazine tranquilizer – Tranquilizer that reduces anxiety by blocking dopamine receptors.

Diazepam (Valium)

Benzodiazepine – Produces calming and muscle-relaxing effects; also an anticonvulsant.

Zolazepam (Telazol)

Benzodiazepine – Provides tranquilization and muscle relaxation.

Midazolam (Versed)

Benzodiazepine – Produces sedation, calming, and muscle relaxation.

Clonazepam (Klonopin)

Benzodiazepine – Used for long-term seizure control and calming effects.

Flumazenil

Benzodiazepine antagonist – Reverses the effects of benzodiazepines.

Doxapram

CNS stimulant – Stimulates respiration in animals experiencing apnea or bradypnea.

Xylazine

Alpha-2 agonist – Produces sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation.

Detomidine

Alpha-2 agonist – Sedative and analgesic commonly used in horses.

Medetomidine

Alpha-2 agonist – Produces sedation and analgesia.

Dexmedetomidine

Alpha-2 agonist – Produces sedation and analgesia through alpha-2 receptors.

Romifidine

Alpha-2 agonist – Sedative and analgesic primarily used in horses.

Yohimbine

Alpha-2 antagonist – Reverses the effects of xylazine.

Atipamezole (Antisedan)

Alpha-2 antagonist – Reverses medetomidine and dexmedetomidine effects.

Tolazoline

Alpha-2 antagonist – Reverses the effects of xylazine.

0.9% Sodium Chloride (Saline)

Isotonic crystalloid – Replaces fluid and electrolytes in the extracellular space.

Lactated Ringer's

Isotonic crystalloid – Replaces fluid and electrolytes; commonly used for dehydration and shock.

0.45% Sodium Chloride

Hypotonic crystalloid – Provides water and sodium at a lower concentration than extracellular fluid.

2.5% Dextrose

Hypotonic crystalloid – Provides water and glucose.

7.5% Sodium Chloride

Hypertonic crystalloid – Draws fluid into the bloodstream to treat hypovolemia.

23.4% Sodium Chloride

Hypertonic saline – Draws water out of brain tissue to reduce intracranial pressure.

Hetastarch

Synthetic colloid – Expands plasma volume by drawing fluid into the bloodstream.

Vetstarch

Synthetic colloid – Plasma volume expander used for hypovolemia and hypoproteinemia.

Turbo Starch

Synthetic colloid/hypertonic saline combination – Combines colloid and 23.4% saline to expand plasma volume.

Dextrans

Synthetic colloid – Plasma volume expanders that remain in circulation for approximately 4–8 hours.

Albumin

Natural colloid – Major natural plasma protein responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure.

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)

Blood product / Natural colloid – Contains plasma proteins and all blood clotting factors.

Frozen Plasma (FP)

Blood product / Natural colloid – Plasma product that lacks clotting factors V and VIII.

Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs)

Blood product – Used to replace red blood cells in patients with red cell loss.

Whole Blood

Blood product – Replaces blood components in patients experiencing blood loss.

Theobromine

Methylxanthine / Chocolate toxin – Active toxic ingredient in chocolate that can cause poisoning in dogs.