Sentence Structure:

Simple sentence

One independent clause. "The dog barked."

Compound sentence

Two independent clauses joined. "The dog barked, and the cat ran."

Complex sentence

Independent + dependent clause. "The dog barked when the mail arrived."

Compound-complex

Two independent + one or more dependent. "The dog barked, and the cat ran because they were frightened."

Periodic sentence

Main clause comes last, building suspense. "Despite the rain, the wind, and the darkness, we persevered."

Cumulative/Loose sentence

Main clause first, then modifiers. "We persevered, despite the rain, the wind, and the darkness."

Minor sentence

Fragment without main verb. "Silence. Just silence."

Declarative

Statement of fact. "The meeting starts at noon."

Imperative

Command or request. "Close the door. Please help me."

Interrogative

Question. "What time is it?"

Exclamatory

Strong emotion. "What a beautiful day!"

Inversion/Anastrophe

Unusual word order. "Yoda speak

Parallelism

Grammatically similar structure. "I came, I saw, I conquered" (not

Antithesis

Parallel structure with contrasting ideas. "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind"

Chiasmus

ABBA pattern reversal. "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country"

Asyndeton

Omitting conjunctions for speed. "I came, I saw, I conquered" (no "and")

Polysyndeton

Excessive conjunctions for emphasis. "They cried and wept and mourned and grieved"

Parenthesis

Interrupting material. "The president (who had been ill) signed the bill."

Ellipsis

Omission of understood words. "Some went north, others [went] south."

Anaphora

Repetition at beginning of successive clauses. "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight…"

Epistrophe

Repetition at end of successive clauses. "See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil"

Symploce

Anaphora + epistrophe combined. "When there is talk of hatred, let us stand up and talk against it. When there is talk of violence, let us stand up and talk against it."

Anadiplosis

Last word becomes first of next. "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering."

Climax

Arrangement in ascending importance. "He sacrificed his time, his energy, his health, and finally his life."

Anti-climax/Bathos

Descending importance, often humorous. "She was beautiful, talented, intelligent, and had clean fingernails."