Honors Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5 Vocab – The Integumentary System

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering terminology, structures, layers, glands, burns, and cancers of the integumentary system from Honors Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5.

Asymmetry

The two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match.

Border irregularity

The borders of the lesion exhibit indentations.

Color

The pigmented spot contains several colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds).

Diameter

The spot is larder than $6\,\text{mm}$ in diameter.

ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma

A criterion for recognizing melanoma consisting of Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, and Diameter.

Acid mantle

The low pH of skin secretions, which retards their multiplication.

Alopecia

When hairs are not replaces as fast as they are shed leading to hair thinning and some degree of baldness.

Apocrine sweat gland

The less numerous type of sweat gland: produces a secretion containing water, salts, proteins, and fatty acids. Largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas.

Arrector pili

A bundle of smooth muscles cells that raises hair.

Basal cell carcinoma

The least malignant and most common skin cancer, arises from stratum basale cells proliferate, invading the dermis and hypodermis.

Burn

Tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which denature cells proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas.

Carotene

A yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant products such as carrots.

Ceruminous glands

Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal.

Cleavage (tension lines)

Separations, or less dense regions.

Connective tissue root sheath

The outer part of a hair follicle wall.

Cutaneous sensory receptors

Respond to stimuli arising outside the body, are classified as exteroceptors.

Cuticle (eponychium)

Single layer of cells that overlap from below like shingles on a roof, also known as the nail body.

Dermal papillae

Peglike projections that indent the overlying epidermis.

Dermatitis

Scaling and various kinds of skin inflammation.

Eccrine sweat glands (merocrine sweat glands)

Simple, coiled, tubular sweat glands that are abundant on the palms, soles of feet, and the forehead.

Epidermal dendritic cells

Star-shaped cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis.

Epidermis

A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisting of four distinct cell types and four or five distinct layers.

Epithelial root sheath

The inner part of a hair follicle wall.

First-degree burns

Only the epidermis is damaged.

Flexure lines

Dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures (notice the deep creases on your palms).

Friction ridges

Skin ridges that increase friction and enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet.

Hair bulb

Formed when the deep end of the follicle is expanded.

Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus)

A knot of sensory nerve endings that wrap around each hair bulb.

Hair follicles

Structure with outer and inner root sheaths extending from the epidermal surface into the dermis and from which new hair develops.

Hair matrix

Actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces the hair.

Hairs (pili)

Flexible strands produces by hair follicles and consist largely of dead, keratinized cells.

Hemoglobin

Oxygenated pigment founded in red blood cells.

Hirsutism

Excessive hairiness.

Hypodermis

The subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin.

Hyponychium

The region beneath the free edge of the nail where dirt and debris tent to accumulate.

Integumentary System

The skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails) make up this set of complex organs that serves several functions, mostly protective.

Keratin

The fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties.

Keratinization

In which cells fill with the protein keratin.

Keratinocytes

"Keratin cells" which produce keratin.

Langerhans cells

Also know as epidermal dendritic cells, ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system.

Male pattern baldness

Genetically determined, sex-influenced balding condition.

Mammary glands

Specialized sweat glands that secrete milk.

Melanin

Pigment, or a polymer made of tyrosine amino acids, found in the deepest layer of the epidermis.

Melanocytes

The spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin.

Melanoma

Cancer of melanocytes, is the most dangerous skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy.

Nail

A scalelike modification of the epidermis that forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of a finger or toe.

Nail folds

Skin folds that overlap the proximal and lateral borders of the nail.

Nail matrix

The thickened proximal portion of the nail bed that is responsible for nail growth.

Papillary layer

A thick superficial layer, that is an areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels.

Reticular layer

$80\%$ of the thickness of the dermis, is coarse, irregularly arranged, dense fibrous connective tissue.

Rule of nines

Method of computing the extent of burns by dividing the body into a number of areas, each accounting $9\%$ (or multiple thereof) of the total body.

Sebaceous glands (oil glands)

Simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body except in the thick skin of the palms and soles.

Sebum

The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands.

Second-degree burns

Injure the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Second most common skin cancer, arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum.

Stratum basale (Basal layer)

The deepest epidermal layer.

Stratum corneum (Horny layer)

A broad zone $20$ to $30$ cell layers thick that accounts for up to three-quarters of the epidermal thickness.

Stratum germinativum

"Germination layer", nickname for the stratum basale.

Stratum granulosum (Granular layer)

Three to five layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically, and the process of keratinization begins.

Stratum lucidum (Clear layer)

Appears as a thin translucent band just above the stratum granulosum, which consists of two or three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries.

Stratum spinosum (Prickly layer)

"Prickly" is several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes.

Superficial fascia

Also known as the hypodermis, is superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping (fascia) of the skeletal muscles, consists mostly of adipose tissue.

Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)

Epidermal gland that produces sweat, found distributed over the entire skin surface except the nipples and parts of the external genitalia.

Tactile (Merkel) cells

Spiky hemisphere shaped cells that are present at the epidermal junction. Each cell is intimately associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending.

Terminal hair

Longer hair of the eyebrows and scalp, usually dark.

Thick skin

Covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet, the epidermis consist of five layers, or strata.

Thin skin

Covers the rest of the body, the stratum lucidum appears to be absent and the other strata are thinner.

Third-degree burns

Full-thickness burns, involving the entire thickness of the skin.

Vellus hair

Shorter hair, founded on children and adult females.