taxa

Proteobacteria (purple bacteria)

Gram negative

• largest group of bacteria

• nutritionally divisive

Chlamydias

Gram Negative

• obligate intracellular lifestyle

• unusual cell wall

• many animal parasites

spirochaetes

Gram Negative

• spiral-shaped

• move by corkscrew motion

• many human pathogens

cyanobacteria

Gram Negatives

• photoautotrophs

• use chlorophyll a

• internal membrane system

• many also fix nitrogen

Low GC

Gram Positives

• low proportion of GC nucleotides

• some produce endospores

• many disease causing

High GC (actinobacteria)

Gram Positives

• high proportion of GC nucleotides

• form branched filaments

• many produce antibiotics

crenarchaeote

archaea

• some thermophiles, some acidophiles, some both

• other important nitrifiers in ocean

  • sulfers

Euryarchaeota

Archaea

• some halophiles (salt lovers)

• some methanogens

• obligate anaerobes, convert CO2 to CH4

Excavata

• Defined by DNA sequence

• All unicellular

• Some have “excavated” feeding groove

Diplomonads & Parabasalids shared features

Excavata

• very reduced mitochondria

• mostly anaerobic

Diplomonads

Excavata

• two nuclei

• degenerate mitochondria

• many parasitic: Giardia

Parabasalids

Excavata

• degenerate mitochondria

• undulating membranes for locomotion

• many symbionts

• a few parasites: Trichomonas

Euglenozoa

• unique flagella

• diverse in nutrition

  • Euglenids and

    kinetoplastids

Euglenozoa: Euglenids

• pellicle

• many have chloroplasts

• diverse nutrition

Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastids

• single large mitochondrion (Kinetoplast)

• Some free-living

• some important parasites

  • Trypanosoma, Leishmania

SAR

• large and diverse clade

• united by DNA sequences

• Three Clades:

  • Stramenopiles

  • Alveolata

  • Rhizaria

SAR: Stramenopiles

• unicellular or multicellular

• important photoautotrophs

• Characteristics “Hairy” flagellum

Stramenopiles: Diatoms

• Unicellular

• Box-like wall of silica

• Marine and freshwater plankton

• 20% of photosynthesis on earth

• oil deposits

• diatomaceous earth

Stramenopiles: Brown Algae

• all multicellular

• some extremely large

• often appear plant-like

stramenopiles: Oomycetes (“water molds”)

• Fungus-like

• All parasites or decomposers

• important plant pathogens: Phytophthora

SAR: Alveolata

• all have alveoli

• all unicellular

• abundant and diverse

Alveolate: Dinoflagellates

• extracellular plates of cellulose

• two flagella in grooves

• Many photosynthetic

• Mostly marine plankton

• important photosynthetic symbionts (zooxanthellae) in coral

• Coral bleaching

• can cause algal blooms

Alveolate: Apicomplexans

• obligate parasites of animals

• “Apical complex” of organelles help penetrate host cells

• some very important parasites: Plasmodium, Toxoplasma

Alveolata: Ciliates

• Move with cilia

• Two types of nuclei- macronucleus and micronucleus

• mostly heterotrophs

SAR: Rhizaria

• all have long, threadlike psuedopods

• all unicellular

Rhizaria: Radiolarins

• symmetrical exoskeleton of silica

• Pseudopods extend through skeleton

  • Feed using Pseudopods, or host symbiotic algae

Rhizaria: Foraminifera

• external shell (test) of Calcium carbonate

• feed and swim using pseudopods

• important geological markers for fossil record

Rhizaria: Cercozoa

• morphologically diverse

• mostly live in soil

• mostly heterotrophs

  • some photoautotrophs

• also have pseudopods

Archaeplastida

• larger size and complexity

  • unicellular, but multinucleate

  • colonial

  • multicellular

• Chlorophyll a as main photosynthetic pigment

Archaeplastida: Rhodophyta (red algae)

• contain Phycoerythrin

• most multicellular and marine

Archaeplastida: chlorophytes

• also contain chlorophyll b

• mostly freshwater, but diverse

• some unicellular, others more complex

Archaeplastida: Charophytes

• mostly fresh water

• many similarities to land plants

Unikonta

• very diverse clade grouped by DNA sequence

• cells have only 1 Flagellum, if any

  • two clades: amoebozoa and opisthokonta

Unikonta: Amoebozoa

• unicellular

• Amoeboid with lobe-shaped pseudopods

• mostly heterotrophic

• mostly free-living, some parasites: Entamoeba

• slime molds 2 kinds

  • Cellular slime molds

    • Unicellular amoebae aggregate to make complex structures

    • haplontic

  • Plasmodial slime molds

    • form unicellular, multinucleate mass to feed

    • form fruiting body to make spores

Unikonta: Opisthokonta

• flagellum located at back of cell

• Nucleariids

  • sister clade to fungi

  • amoeba with threadlike pseudopodia

Choanoflagellates

• unicellular or colonial

• 1 flagellum, with surrounding collar

• suspension feeders (filter feeders)

• Sister clade to animals

• catch food with flagellum

Shared features of choanoflagellates and animals

• DNA and RNA sequence data

• similar cell types in basal animals

• shared proteins

Characteristics of animals

• heterotrophs

• all multicellular, almost all with tissues

• flexible cells

• extracellular matrix with collagen

• unique cell adhesion and cell signaling proteins

• mostly sexual reproduction

• specialized gametes

Almost in all

• muscle cells for movement

• nerve cells for transmitting signals and coordination movement

• hox genes

post-embryonic

• larval stage in most

• different from adult

• metamorphosis into adult form

Animal diversity tissues (all except sponges)

• zygote is totipotent

• differentiation

  • is irreversible

• tissue layers form during embryonic development

  • diplo

  • triplo

animal diversity (body cavity)

• space between digestive tract and body wall

• segmentation

• found in most triploblasts

• 3 types of body cavities

  • acoelmate

  • pseudocoelomate

  • coelomate

Animal diversity (embryonic development)

• Zygote undergoes cleavage –

mitotic division without

getting bigger

• Blastula stage – hollow ball

of cells

• Gastrulation – cells from

blastula wall move inward

to form tissue layers

Porifera/Sponges

• basal

• no symmetry

• all aquatic, mostly marine

• sessile adults

• filter feeders

• simple, lack many traits of other animals

• no tissues/nerves/muscles/digestive system

• vase shaped/ two layers

  • epidermis

  • choanocytes

Eumetozoa

have true tissues

Bilateria

• most are bilaterally symmetrical triploblasts

__ % of animals species are ___

95% & invertebrates

Cnidaria (& Ctenophora)

• radial symmetry

• diploblastic

• have nerves and gut

Porifera (Spongers) body structure

• mesohyl

  • Fibrous proteins (spongin)

  • Calcium carbonate or silica skeleton (spicules)

  • Amoebocytes distribute food and secrete skeleton

• vase shaped

• two layers of independent cells

  • epidermis (pores/outer)

  • Choanocytes (inner layer/move water/food)

Porifera (Spongers) Life cycle

• a few asexual, most sexual

• hermaphrodites

• external fertilization

  • free- swimming larvae

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

• phylogenetic position unclear

• all aquatic and marine

• “combs” → 8 rows of fused cilia, used to swim

• nerve net

• two long retractable tentacles with adhesive

Cnidaria (coral, jellies, hydras)

• all aquatic, mostly marine

• contractile fibers for movement

• radial symmetry

• nerve net

• gastrovascular cavity

• sexual and asexual reproduction

• two radially symmetrical forms

  • polyp

  • medusa

• two layers of tissue: epidermis and gastrodermis

  • mesoglea

• Can be Cnidocytes or nematocysts

Cnidaria life cycle

• alternate polyp and medusa

• Polyp asexual (by budding), medusa sexual

• Ciliated, swimming larve

Scyphozoa (jelly fish)

• circular medusa

• radial symmetry

• Cnidocytes on tentacles

• predators or filter feeders

Cubozoa

• box-like medusa

• cnidocytes on tentacles

• radial symmetry

• strong swimmers and predators

Hydrozoa (hydroids)

• Both polyp and medusa, mostly polyp

  • polyp usually colonial

• some freshwater

• radial symmetry

Anthozoa

• polyp form only

• radial symmetry

• Corals - Colonial, secrete calcium carbonate

Bilaterians

• includes most animals

• synapomorphies

  • bilaterally symmetrical

  • triploblastic

• Three clades

  • Acoela

  • Protostomes

  • Deuterostomes

Lophotrochozoa

• united by molecular data

• many different body plans

• Lophophore

  • Ring of ciliated tentacles

• Trochophore

  • planktonic larve with band of cilia

• some groups have neither

Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms)

• Aquatic or damp terrestrial

• Free-living or parasitic

• Acoelomate

• Central nervous system

• Incomplete gut

• No gas exchange or circulatory

systems

• Often hermaphrodites

• Organs grouped into organ systems

  • (nervous, digestive, reproductive)

Planarians

• free-living flatworms

• not monophyletic

• scavengers or predators

• swim or crawl

• excretory system with ciliated flame cells

Subphylum Neodermata

• neodermis

• unsegmented round worm shape outer cuticle covering the body

• less developed organ systems, no eye spots

  • class trematoda (flukes) and cestoda (cestoda)

Class Termatoda (flukes)

• wide range of hosts

• complex life cycles

• evade immune systems using protein mimicry

• disease in >200 million people world wide

Class Cestoda (tapeworms)

• live inside intestine of vertebrate host

• complex cycles

• no head, mouth or gut

• absorb nutrients directly from host

Lophotrochozoa; Syndermata (rotifers)

• timy (50 um - 2mm)

• Mostly freshwater

• pseudocoelomate

• well developed organ systems

• complete gut

• Corona

• Sexual dimorphism, some parthenogenesis

Lophotrochozoa; Ectoprocta (bryozoans)

• mostly marine

• all colonial

• coelomate

• have Iophophore

• secrete calcium carbonate

Lophotrochozoa: Brachiopods (lamp shells)

• all marine

• coelomate

• have Iophophore

• two shells, dorsal and ventral

Lophotrochozoa: Mollusca (Molluscs)

• marine, freshwater, some terrestrial

• coelomate with common body plan

• Many secrete shell of calcium carbonate

• most have trochophore

Body plan

• reduced coelom

• muscular foot

• Visceral mass containing organs

• Mantle

Most also have:

• mantle cavity

• radula

• Open circulatory system

  • exception: cephalopods

Polyplacophora (chitons)

• all marine

• shell of 8 overlapping dorsal plates

• adhere to rock with foot

• omnivores with very strong radula

Gastropoda (Snails and slugs)

• marine, freshwater, terrestrial

• most use radula to graze

• most have single spiral shell

• internal organ twisted - no longer bilateral

Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops)

• all aquatic, most sessile

• hinged lateral shells

• strong muscles

• use foot to borrow or anchor

• no head, no radula most no eyes

• use gills to filter feed

Cephalopoda (octopuses, squids, nautiluses)

• active marine predators

• foot modified into tentacles and siphon

• shell reduced or missing in most

• closed circulatory system

• advanced eyes and nervous system with large brain

• Many have chromatophores

  • used for camouflage

Annelida (annelids)

• marine, freshwater, damp soil

• coelomate

• segmented

• complete gut

• closed circulatory system

• many have trochophore

Errantina

• mostly mobile

• mostly marine

• predators or grazers

• parapodia

  • each with chaetae

sedentaria

• less mobile

• marine, freshwater, terrestrial

• burrowing or tube-dwelling

• parapodia less common

  • includes class clitellata

Class Clitellate

• no parapodia, fewer chaetae

• hermaphroditic

• Clitellum

  • Earthworms

earthworms

• important detritivores

• Exrtract nutrients from digested soil

Subclass Hirudinea (leeches)

mostly freshwater

predators or parasites

dorsoventrally flattened

reduced, unsegmented coelom

Ecdysozoa

• United by Ecdysis

• some groups are extremely abudant

• arthopoda contains >80% of animal species

Ecdysozoa (Characteristics)

• cuticle for protection and support

• must undergo ecdysis in order to grow

• Thin, flexible cuticle

• Thick, strong cuticle (exoskeleton)

Nematoda (roundworms)

• Ubiquitous and abundant

• many undescribed

• some free-living in water or soil

• many parasitic; some pathogens

Body plan

• pseudocoelomate

• unsegmented

• complete gut

• longitudinal muscles

• sexual dimorphism

Tardigrada (tardigrades)

• tiny

• all aquatic, often associated with mosses or lichens

• segmented

• extremely tolerant dormant state

Onychophora (velvet worms)

• all terrestrial

• live in tropical forests

• segmented

• all predators; squirt gluey slime

Arthropoda

• enormously successful and diverse

• segmented

• open circulatory system

• gills, lungs, or trachea for gas exchange

• hard exoskeleton made of chitin

• first animal to move to land

• jointed appendages, specialized

• highly specialized to different environments and lifestyles

In sponges and diploblasts

• all cells close to water

• easy to exchange gases, nutrients, wastes by diffusion

in sponges in triploblasts

• mesoderm isolated from outside environment

Chelicerata

• mostly terrestrial and carnivorous

• cephalothorax and abdomen

• no antennae, simple eyes

• 6 pairs of appendages

• book gills or book lungs

  • 4 pairs of walking legs

Class arachnida

• spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks, daddy long legs, and other

Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes)

• all terrestrial

• head (with antennae) and long trunk

• centipedes:

  • 1 pair legs per segment

  • predators with poison claws

• Millipedes:

  • Fused double segments (2 legs)

  • detritivores/herbivores

Crustacea

• paraphyletic

• marine, freshwater, damp terrestrial

• head, thorax, abdomen

  • 2 pairs of antennae

  • legs on both thorax and abdomen

• most have swimming larval stage

• krill, isopods, barnacles, decapods

hexapoda (insects)

• dominant terrestrial arthropods

• extremely diverse

• head, thoraz, abdomen

  • 1 pair of antennae

  • compound and simple eyes

  • 6 legs on thorax

• most with wings

class insecta

adaptations for terrestrial life

• gas exchange via spiracles leading to tracheae

• efficient excretion

• internal fertilization

• high reproductive rate

echinodermata

• marine

• pentaradial symmetry in adults

• slow-moving or sessile

• endoskeleton of calcified plates

• water vascular system

• tube feet

Crinoidea

• oldest group

• suspension feeders

asteroidea (sea stars)

• important predators

• evert stomach to feed

Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

lash arms to move

Echinoidea (sea urchins)

• herbivores

• no arms

• large spines

Holothuroidea (sea cucmbers)

• suspension feeders

• no arms

Chordata

1. dorsal, hallow nerve chord

2. notochord

3. Pharyngeal slits

4. muscular post-anal tail

Cephalochordata (lancelets)

• marine

• no backbone

• burrow into sediment

• filter feed through pharyngeal slits

• blade like

Urochordata

• marine

• chordate traits only in larvae

• Adults: “sea squirts”

  • water-filled, sac-like, no body cavity

  • sessile filter feeders

  • tunic or cellulose

Myxini

• jawless

• cartilage skeleton, no bone

• no vertebral column

• scavengers