history ch 1-8 exam

The Proclamation of 1763

prohibited American settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Thomas Paine’s pamphlet that spread the notion that the colonies should be independent from Britain was entitled

Common Sense

What crisis led to the Missouri Compromise?

the application of the people of Missouri territory for statehood as a slave state

Why did Uncle Tom’s Cabininfuriate slave owners?

It demonstrated how the brutal realities of slavery harmed everyone associated with it.

How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the nature of the Civil War?

It transformed the Civil War from a war to restore the Union to a war to end slavery.

Economic Theory assumed that the supply of wealth was fixed...to increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported.

Mercantilism

The Bill of Rights was written to

 safeguard freedoms such as press, speech, and assembly.

With its decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court established the principle of

  judicial review

The industrial revolution of the first half of the nineteenth century was driven by which significant invention of the late eighteenth century?

 the steam engine

The idea of “manifest destiny” claimed that

God sanctioned American expansion westward across the continent.

Which president made the Louisiana Purchase?

Thomas Jefferson

What was likely the first great landmass to have emerged above sea level in North America?

The Canadian Shield

How did rising sea waters during the end of the Ice Age impact the Americas?

They brought about an end to immigration for thousands of years.

How did advanced agricultural practices, such as the cultivation of maize, impact South and Central American societies?

As larger populations could be fed, elaborate cities and commerce developed.

Why did North American Native peoples, such as the Haudenosaunee, develop matrilineal cultures?

Women had gained power by managing crops in settled agricultural groups.

What was the basis of three-sister farming used by the Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee peoples?

Using maize fields to grow corn and squash simultaneously, thereby improving the diet

Why was the settlement at Cahokia an important center for the Mound Builders of the Ohio River Valley?

It was the center of a trading network that extended across the South and lower Midwest.

Why was the Norse settlement near L'Anse aux Meadows abandoned?

There was no strong nation-state that would support the voyagers.

During the late fifteenth century, who controlled the southerly and easterly routes to the Indies, allowing them to control the wealth there?

Portugal

What was the role of kidnapped Africans as Spain became a modern national state?

To provide labor and agricultural knowledge

Why were some Native American populations nearly wiped out by the arrival of Europeans and Africans?

They had no natural protective antibodies to fight Old World diseases.

Why was the Columbian exchange an important factor in the population growth of the Old World?

New World plants such as maize, beans, and potatoes improved the European diet.

Which of the following was used by the Spanish government to promote Christianity among Indigenous people?

Encomienda

What led Cortés to lay siege to the city of Tenochtitlán in 1520?

Spanish hunger for gold and power

During the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, how did the Aztec people take revenge for Cortés’s treatment of their temples and holy sites?

By building a kiva on the ruins of the Spanish plaza at Santa Fé

How did Spain protect sea-lanes to the Caribbean and block French ambitions in the New World?

By building the fortress at St. Augustine, Florida

What impact did the Edict of Nantes have on the French in North America?

French Protestants were granted limited toleration.

What impact did French beaver trappers have on the Indigenous people and their lands?

Beavers were almost completely extinguished in some areas.

Why was the charter of the Virginia Company a significant document in American history?

It guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen who stayed in England.

What is the significance of Jamestown?

It was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

Who were responsible for the major population decline of the Powhatan people in the James River area by 1685?

The English

Which of the following effectively banished Chesapeake Native Americans from their ancestral lands?

The Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644

What was a patroonship?

A vast feudal estate along the Hudson River

When New Amsterdam was founded in the 1620s, whose interests did the founders strive to protect?

Investors in the Dutch West India Company

Why did the Dutch surrender New Amsterdam to the English?

Peter Stuyvesant did not have the munitions to fight the English squadron that appeared in its harbor.

What did the loss of oral traditions mean for Native American bands?

They had to reinvent themselves without the benefit of accumulated wisdom.

Which of the following provided an advantage among tribes for access to prime hunting grounds?

European firearms

How did the Algonquins in the Great Lakes area become a substantial regional power?

By absorbing surrounding bands to deal with Europeans from a position of strength

When did the use of enslaved labor first begin in Virginia?

1619

Why did King James I make Virginia a royal colony in 1624?

He deeply distrusted the House of Burgesses operating in Virginia.

Where did Lord Baltimore seek to establish a new feudal domain for persecuted Catholics?

Maryland

How did sugar production in the English West Indies impact the population?

Enormous numbers of enslaved Africans were imported.

What was defined in the Barbados slave code?

The legal status of enslaved people

What impact did West Africans who were enslaved because of their rice cultivation skills have on the Carolinas by 1710?

They constituted a majority of Carolinians.

Why did the British crown provide Georgia a monetary subsidy during its founding stage?

Georgia was considered a vital link in imperial defense against Spain and France.

What helped to create the strong aristocratic atmosphere found in England's southern mainland colonies?

Immense acreage in the hands of a favored few

What led to the movement of settlers westward and the expansion of southern colonies?

Excessive tobacco growing

Who did the Separatists feel should be admitted to membership in the church?

Those who could demonstrate the presence of grace in their souls

Which group did the Separatists in Holland negotiate with to secure rights to settle under its jurisdiction before leaving for America?

The Virginia Company

Why did the Pilgrims who arrived at Plymouth agree to govern themselves in accordance with the Mayflower Compact?

They were squatters without legal right to the land or to form a government.

What impact did the Congregational Church have in shaping the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Unchurched men were not allowed to vote in provincial affairs.

Why was Rhode Island considered to be more liberal than any other English settlement in the New World?

People of all religions were welcomed.

Why was the argument of antinomianism put forth by Anne Hutchinson considered high heresy?

She claimed the truly saved did not need to obey the law of God or man.

Which document served as a modern constitution that established a regime democratically controlled by "substantial" citizens?

The Fundamental Orders

How did Native peoples attempt to resist the English encroachment and westward spread into Native lands?

By forming a pan-Indian alliance

How did England's Glorious Revolution inspire colonists?

They seized the opportunity to strike against arbitrary royal authority in America.

Why did William Penn negotiate an immense grant of land as payment for monetary debt owned by the crown?

To experiment with liberal ideas in government

How did the Quakers' tolerance of non-Quaker immigrants to Pennsylvania impact the colony?

It helped to undermine the Quakers' benevolent policy toward the Indigenous peoples.

Which of the following was a noteworthy feature of William Penn's new proprietary regime?

There was no provision for military defense.

What likely made Philadelphia an appealing city for seventeen-year-old Benjamin Franklin?

Its urbane and open atmosphere

Why did the middle colonies—Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware—become known as "bread colonies"?

Grains were heavily exported.

Where could people coming to the Americas typically find more ethnic variation and tolerance for religious ideals?

The middle colonies

Why were immigrants important to the growth of the Chesapeake region in the mid-1600s?

Half of those born in the region died before their twentieth birthday.

How did the ability to acquire resistance to disease impact the Chesapeake region by the end of the seventeenth century?

The population began to grow from its own birthrate rather than immigration.

Why was marriage difficult for women in seventeenth-century Chesapeake society?

Childbirth frequently resulted in the death of the mother.

Why were indentured servants a popular source of labor throughout the Chesapeake region in the seventeenth century?

Indentured servants were willing to work for transatlantic passage and very little else.

Why did Nathaniel Bacon lead a rebellion to force a change in frontier policy regarding Indigenous peoples?

Virginia's Governor Berkely refused to retaliate against Indigenous attacks on frontier settlements.

Why did Virginia's landholding elites begin to rely on enslaved labor rather than indentured servants?

The landholders were wary of bringing more potentially rebellious Englishmen to the colony.

What role did Rhode Islanders have in building the slave trade in the colonies?

They filled the void left when the Royal African Company lost its monopoly on the slave trade.

In the early 1700s, where did the majority of the trans-Atlantic slave trade occur?

The West Indies and parts of South America

According to the slave codes developed in the mid-seventeenth century, what was the main distinction between an enslaved person and a servant?

Race

Which was the largest social group in the South in the early eighteenth century?

Small farmers

Who typically made up the landless white social group in the seventeenth-century colonial South?

Former indentured servants

What was the principal means of transportation in the colonial South?

Waterways

How did property rights of women in the southern colonies compare with the property rights of women in New England?

In the southern colonies, married women were allowed to retain title to their property, while in New England, they were required to give up property rights.

Why was Harvard College in Massachusetts founded in 1636?

To train local boys for the ministry

Which event reflected the widening social stratification of New England and the conflict between Puritan heritage and Yankee commercialism?

The Salem witch trials

At the outset of the eighteenth century, how far into the Americas did European countries have a significant number of settlements?

Within a few days' travel of the Atlantic

By the mid-1700s, how was the population in the colonies changing?

It was doubling every twenty-five years.

What was unique about the slave society in the Chesapeake region in the 1700s?

The captive population grew through its own fertility.

Why was the Church of England important in the New England colonies?

It served as a prop for kingly authority in the colonies.

Which of the following began to erode the doctrinal rigor from many religious denominations in the colonies?

Trends toward clerical intellectualism and lay liberalism

How did many Anglican and Congregational clergymen respond to the Great Awakening?

They were skeptical of the theatrical antics of the revivalists.

Why did many well-to-do families in the South send their sons abroad to get their education?

They were annoyed with the heavy theological emphasis in colonial educational opportunities.

Among his contemporaries, what was Benjamin Franklin best known for?

His editing of Poor Richard's Almanack

What argument did Andrew Hamilton use to defend John Peter Zenger against charges of seditious libel during his trial?

Exposing and opposing arbitrary power was at stake.

Who elected officials in the lower house under the two-house legislative body used by most colonies?

All property owners who qualified as voters

Why was the established relationship between the colonial governor and the colonial legislature a poor administrative decision by the London government?

The colonial legislature controlled payment of the governor's salary.

How did the beliefs of Britain's North American colonies differ from the beliefs of contemporary Europe by the mid-eighteenth century?

The colonies afforded opportunities for social mobility.

Which of the following regions became the chief bone of contention between the French and British in the 1750s?

The Ohio Valley

Which group had secured shaky legal “rights” to some 500,000 acres in the same disputed region where the French were in the process of erecting a chain of forts?

British colonial speculators

Who published in his Pennsylvania Gazette the most famous cartoon of the colonial era, broadcasting the slogan “Join, or Die”?

Benjamin Franklin

What comprised the enemy force Braddock encountered outside of Fort Duquesne?

A French and Indian army

Which of the following was one of the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1763?

France ceded to Spain all trans-Mississippi Louisiana.

What was a reason that some colonists did not overwhelmingly support Britain during the Seven Years' War?

They were alienated by distance.

Which Native American leader laid siege to Detroit in the spring of 1763?

Pontiac

Which of the following flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians?

The Proclamation of 1763

Early American leaders sought to model a society like which of the following civilizations?

Ancient Greek and Roman republics

Which economic system believed that wealth was power and that a country’s economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury?

Mercantilism

What did most Americans think about the mercantilist system?

They found it debasing.