reproductive male & female lesson 4

produce, maintain, transport, and deliver sperm

The male reproductive system is designed to

Testosterone

Main male sex hormone; supports male development, sperm development, and secondary sexual characteristics

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

Essential for spermatogenesis or sperm production

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Stimulates the production of testosterone, which is also needed for sperm formation

1. produce, maintain, transport sperm

2. discharge sperm

3. produce and secrete male sex hormones

Three major functions of the male reproductive system

Erection

Definition: Hardening and enlargement of the penis caused by increased blood flow into its tissues, usually because of sexual arousal or stimulation.

Simple explanation: Blood flows into the erectile tissues, causing the penis to become enlarged and firm.

Ejaculation

Definition: Release of semen from the penis, usually occurring at the climax of sexual arousal.

emission, expulsion

two phases of ejaculation

emission

the first stage of ejaculation where sperm and reproductive fluids combine and move into the upper urethra before being expelled from the body

expulsion

the second and final stage of ejaculation where semen is forcefully propelled out of the body through the urethra

prepuce

is the foreskin covering the head of the penis.

protection - protect glans from dryness, friction, irritation

sensitivity - many nerve endings and sensation

lubrication - maintain moisture of the glans

the function of the prepuce

Circumcision

is the surgical removal of the foreskin.

penis

is the male urinary and reproductive organ.

glans , shaft, roots

major parts of the penis

Glans

— head; highly sensitive because of its nerve supply.

Shaft

— elongated body.

Root

— internal base attached to the pelvic region.

penis

contains sponge-like vascular tissue that fills with blood during arousal, producing an erection.

urethra

runs through the penis and serves as the passage through which urine and semen leave the body.

corona

is the rim of the glans where it meets the shaft.

Contributes to stimulation/arousal.

function of corona

frenulum

is a thin strip/band of elastic tissue connecting the glans and shaft on the underside of the penis. it can stretch

scrotum

is the sac that contains the testes.

temperature regulation

main function of scrotum

.

The testes need an appropriate temperature for sperm production.

urethral opening

is located at the tip/head of the penis.

• Urine

• Semen

urethral opening is the exit point of

1. Urethral opening

2. Anal opening

Male has 2 external openings:

1. Urethral opening

2. Vaginal opening

3. Anal opening

female has 3 openings

perineum

is the area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus.

The distance is generally greater in males than females.

testes

are the male gonads.

They are oval-shaped organs located within the scrotum.

They produce sperm in very large quantities throughout life

vas deferens

These are long muscular tubes that transport mature sperm from the epididymis toward the pelvic cavity and urethra. sperm transport tube

seminal vesicles

are two glands that produce an alkaline fluid rich in fructose.

70%

how many percentage does seminal vesicles have with semen volume

• Provides nutrients for sperm.

• Fructose provides energy for sperm movement.

• Alkaline fluid helps create a suitable environment for sperm.

function of seminal vesicles

ejaculatory ducts

seminal vesicles connect with the vas deferens to form the .

Ejaculatory Duct

A duct that carries secretions from the seminal vesicles and vas deferens.

It passes through the prostate and connects the reproductive ducts with the urethra. pathway toward the urethra

prostate

is a walnut-sized gland located:

• Below the urinary bladder

• In front of the rectum

It produces an alkaline secretion that accounts for approximately 30% of semen volume

30% semen volume

prostate % semen volume

• Adds fluid to semen.

• Helps nourish sperm.

• Its alkaline nature may help contra acidic environments, making conditions more favorable for sperm.

function of prostate

urethra

is a hollow tube extending from the bladder through the penis.

urine , semen

urethra carries

urethra

passes through the prostate and toward the shaft and glans. It is the passage sperm/semen use before leaving the body.

Testosterone

is the major male hormone.

testes

adrenal glands (some)

testosterone is produced mainly by

• Growth and development during adolescence

• Development of sperm

• Development of secondary sexual characteristics

• Sexual motivation

Functions of testosterone:

• No monthly menstrual cycle

• lower voice

• Broader shoulders

• Deeper chest cavity

Male secondary sexual characteristics after puberty

greater body/facial hair and increased frequency of baldness.

Higher testosterone exposure is also associated with

Anatomy

is the study of the structure of the body and how its parts are related to one another.

vulva

The female external genital organs are collectively called the .

• Protect internal reproductive organs

• Provide sexual sensation

• Support lubrication

• Assist urination

vulva helps

.

The appearance, size, and shape of these structures (vulva) naturally vary between individuals.

Mons Pubis

A cushion of fatty tissue that protects the pubic bone.

Labia Majora

The larger outer folds that protect the more sensitive internal structures.

Labia Minora

Smaller inner folds that protect the openings of the:

• Urethra

• Vagina

Clitoris

A highly sensitive organ primarily associated with physical sensation and sexual pleasure.

Prepuce

Covers and protects the sensitive head of the clitoris.

Vestibule

Contains and protects the openings of the:

• Urethra

• Vagina

Urethral Opening

Exit point for urine from the bladder.

Perineum

Skin separating the genitals from the anus.

Ovaries

Fallopian Tubes

Uterus

Vagina

The main internal reproductive organs are:

producing eggs, facilitating fertilization, and supporting pregnancy.

The main internal reproductive organs overall roles include

• Produce spermatozoa (sperm cells)

• Secrete testosterone

maim function of testes

Vagina

A flexible muscular canal that serves as:

• The passage for childbirth

• The exit path for menstrual blood

external os

is the outer opening of the cervix into the vagina.

cervix

is the lower part/opening of the uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina.

Think of it as the “gatekeeper” of the uterus.

• Allows menstrual blood to pass from uterus to vagina.

• Widens/dilates during childbirth.

function of cervix

Myometrium

The muscular layer of the uterus.

• Contracts and expands.

• Stretches during pregnancy.

• Provides the force needed to push the baby out during childbirth.

function of myometrium

Endometrium

The inner uterine lining.

Provides nutrient-rich environment where a fertilized egg implant and develop.

function of endometrium

memorize

Endometrium = implantation

Uterus

is the organ where the fetus develops.

• Provides a safe and nourishing environment for the fetus.

• Supports menstruation, fertility, and pregnancy.

• Receives the implanted fertilized egg.

function of uterus

Uterus = where pregnancy is supported

Fallopian Tubes

transport egg cells from the ovaries toward the uterus.

fallopian tube

Fertilization usually occurs in the , where sperm and ovum meet.

ovaries

• Produce/store and release ova (egg cells)

• Produce female sex hormones, especially estrogen and progesterone

eggs + female hormones

ovary =

Menstruation

The slides state that menstruation may last around 1–5 days.

Follicular Phase

Approximately Days 1–13

During this phase:

• Ovarian follicles develop.

• Estrogen gradually increases.

• The uterine lining begins thickening again.

Ovulation

Around Day 14, but it is not fixed for every person.

the release of an egg from the ovary.

It is the time when fertility is highest.

Luteal Phase

Approximately Days 15–28

During this phase:

• Progesterone increases.

• The uterus is prepared for possible pregnancy.

• If pregnancy does not occur, hormone levels fall.

• The uterine lining breaks down.

• The next menstruation begins.

secretory phase

, hormones such as progesterone prepare the uterus by making the uterine lining rich in nutrients.

Purpose:

To prepare the uterus in case an egg is fertilized and needs to implant.

Simple explanation:
The ____ basically prepares a nutrient-rich “nest” for a possible fertilized egg.

• Widening of the hips

• Breast development

During puberty, changes occur as the body develops toward adulthood.

Examples from the slides:

glands

milk

Breasts contain ___ involved in producing __.

• Nipple

• Areola

• Skin

• Cooper's ligaments

The breast contains:

Nipple

Raised structure at the center of the breast where breast milk exits during breastfeeding.

Areola

Darker circular area surrounding the nipple.

It:

• Contains small glands.

• Helps lubricate and protect the nipple.

• May become darker or larger during pregnancy.

Chest Wall

Structure surrounding and protecting organs in the chest, particularly the heart and lungs.

Ribs

Curved bones forming a protective cage around the chest organs.

12/24

Most people have pairs / ribs.

Fatty / Adipose Tissue

Tissue that:

• Stores energy

• Helps protect organs

• Helps keep the body warm

• Contributes to the size, shape, and softness of areas such as the breasts.

Ducts

Small tubes that transport substances.

Milk ducts

transport breast milk from milk-producing glands toward the nipple.

Lobules

Small sections of glandular tissue that produce milk.

from lobules

into milk ducts

toward nipple

milk travel

Glandular Tissue

Tissue that produces and secretes substances such as:

• Hormones

• Enzymes

• Milk

Fibrous Tissue

Connective tissue made mainly of collagen fibers.

Function:

Provides strength and structural support.

15–20

breast contains approximately ____ lobes, which contain lobules.