Vascular Disorder

What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart and has a thick muscular wall?

Artery

What type of blood vessel carries blood toward the heart and has a thinner wall than an artery?

Vein

What is the smallest blood vessel where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes occurs?

Capillary

What is a localized dilation or sac-like enlargement caused by weakness in an arterial wall?

Aneurysm

What aneurysm involves an abnormal dilation of the aorta?

Aortic aneurysm

What group of disorders affects the peripheral blood vessels, especially those supplying the extremities?

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

What condition occurs when there is inadequate arterial blood flow and oxygen delivery to the extremities?

Arterial insufficiency

What peripheral arterial disease involves thickening and hardening of arterial walls, resulting in reduced blood flow?

Arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO)

What vascular disorder causes episodic vasospasm of small arteries, usually in the fingers and toes, causing color changes?

Raynaud’s disease

What condition occurs when blood has difficulty returning through the veins to the heart, causing venous congestion?

Venous Insufficiency

What condition causes enlarged, twisted, and dilated superficial veins, usually in the legs?

Varicose veins

What condition occurs when a thrombus forms in a deep vein, commonly in the lower extremities?

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

What inflammatory vascular disease affects both arteries and veins and is strongly associated with tobacco use?

Buerger’s disease

What type of aneurysm occurs when blood leaks through an injured arterial wall and collects outside the normal layers of the vessel?

False aneurysm (Pseudoaneurysm)

What type of aneurysm involves all three layers of the arterial wall?

True aneurysm

What type of true aneurysm causes symmetrical, spindle-shaped dilation around the entire circumference of the vessel?

Fusiform aneurysm

What type of aneurysm appears as a bulging pouch on one side of the arterial wall?

Saccular aneurysm

What condition occurs when blood enters a tear in the arterial wall and separates its layers?

Dissecting aneurysm

What condition occurs when a tissue does not receive enough blood and oxygen?

Ischemia

What condition occurs when blood accumulates in the veins because of impaired venous return?

Venous congestion

What is the term for leg muscle pain that occurs during activity because of inadequate arterial blood flow?

Claudication

What is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues, commonly seen in venous insufficiency?

Edema

What type of ulcer results from inadequate arterial blood supply and is usually deep, painful, and well-circumscribed?

Arterial ulcer

What type of ulcer is associated with venous insufficiency and usually has a larger size, irregular borders, and granulation tissue?

Venous ulcer

What is the bluish discoloration of the skin caused by decreased oxygenation?

Cyanosis

What new tissue develops during wound healing and contains small blood vessels?

Granulation tissue

What pulse is assessed in the arteries of the extremities to evaluate peripheral circulation?

Peripheral pulse

What position places the affected leg below the level of the heart and may improve arterial blood flow?

Dependent position

What position raises the affected leg above the level of the heart to help reduce venous congestion and edema?

Elevated position

What term describes unusually pale skin caused by decreased arterial blood flow?

Pallor

What condition refers to inflammation of a vein?

Phlebitis

Buildup of fatty material (plaque) inside the artery walls, making the arteries narrow and hard.

Atherosclerosis

A buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances inside the artery wall.

Atheromatous plaque

Hardening of a tissue or blood vessel.

Sclerosis

A fatty deposit or plaque that forms inside the wall of an artery.

Atheroma

Accumulation of fats, especially LDL cholesterol, in the artery walls.

Fat deposition

Often called “bad cholesterol” because high levels can contribute to plaque buildup in arteries.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

Buildup of calcium in the artery wall, which can make the blood vessel hard and less flexible.

Calcium deposition

What medications are used to lower blood pressure and reduce stress on the arterial wall?

Antihypertensive agents

What drugs promote urine production and sodium/water excretion, helping lower blood pressure?

Diuretics

What drugs decrease heart rate and myocardial contractility, reducing the force against the arterial wall?

Beta blockers

What antihypertensive drugs inhibit formation of angiotensin II, causing decreased vasoconstriction and blood pressure?

ACE inhibitors

What drugs block the action of angiotensin II, resulting in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure?

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs)

What drugs reduce calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells, causing vasodilation and reduced blood pressure?

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)

What vascular disorder causes intermittent vasospasm or vasoconstriction, producing coldness, pain, and color changes in the fingers or toes?

Raynaud’s disease

What condition involves a sudden, temporary constriction of a blood vessel?

Vasospasm

What happens when a blood vessel narrows, decreasing blood flow to the affected area?

Vasoconstriction

What color change occurs first in Raynaud’s disease because of decreased blood flow?

Pallor (white)

What color change occurs when the affected area becomes bluish because of reduced oxygenation?

Cyanosis (blue)

What happens when a blood vessel widens, allowing increased blood flow?

Vasodilation

What process occurs when blood flow returns to the affected tissue after vasoconstriction?

Reperfusion

What term refers to the delivery of blood to body tissues?

Perfusion

What color change occurs when blood flow returns to the affected area after vasospasm?

Erythema (red color)

What pattern occurs when Raynaud’s affects both sides similarly, such as both hands or both feet?

Symmetric involvement

What abnormal sensation includes numbness, tingling, or pins-and-needles?

Paresthesia

What condition describes Raynaud-like symptoms occurring secondary to another disease or condition?

Raynaud’s phenomenon

What autoimmune disease may be associated with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

What systemic autoimmune disease can be associated with Raynaud’s phenomenon?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

What form of limited scleroderma is characterized by Calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, Esophageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, and Telangiectasia?

CREST syndrome

What condition involves fusion or joining of fingers or toes?

Syndactyly

What condition causes tightening and hardening of the skin of the fingers in scleroderma?

Sclerodactyly

What condition involves dilated small blood vessels visible near the skin surface?

Telangiectasia