Chapter 28: Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence

One of the few secessionist movements that succeeded in Africa and resulted in the division of the country into two states occurred in __________.

Sudan

What was the paradox between the promises nationalist leaders made before independence of their homelands and the post-independence realities?

Promises of a good life after the departure of European overlords were marred because there were not enough resources to go around in postcolonial societies.

Once independence was achieved in Europe's Asian and African colonies, the arbitrary boundaries that colonial overlords created there __________.

led to political instability because of the artificially created combinations of hostile ethnic and/or religious groups

What can be said of the paths to political stability and socioeconomic development that were envisioned by many of the founders of postcolonial nations in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East?

None of these nations have met their original goals.

The greatest barrier to rapid economic breakthroughs in the former European colonies in Africa and Asia was __________.

spiraling population increases

Unlike Egypt, India __________ when it gained independence and began the process of nation-building and economic development.

preserved civilian rule

India's Green Revolution most impacted economic growth in the __________ sector.

agricultural

Between the end of World War II and the early 1990s, the political situation in South Africa was characterized by __________.

popular resistance from the black African majority against the minority-run white government

The Iranian revolution led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979 was similar to the resistance movement led by the Mahdi in Sudan during the 1880s because both uprisings __________.

focused on the reintegration of religion and politics

The creation of numerous homelands designated for ethnolinguistic groups within South Africa during the post-World War II era demonstrated that __________.

apartheid was organized on a grand scale of spatial separation

In 1972, the new nation of __________ emerged after East Pakistan seceded from West Pakistan.

Bangladesh

Unable to achieve national renewal after independence was won, __________ turned to authoritarian rule after he assumed power.

Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana

__________ assumed power in Egypt after overthrowing Khedive Farouk in 1952 and then introduced a series of radical approaches to economic and social reform in his homeland.

Gamal Abdel Nasse

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Iran was __________.

a buffer zone between two imperialist powers

The post-apartheid 1994 elections in South Africa brought the __________ to power.

African National Congress party

The two main barriers to population increase in postcolonial societies are __________.

war and famine

Kwame Nkrumah lost most of the financial resources he needed to develop Ghana when the price of __________ dropped sharply shortly after this nation gained independence.

cocoa

Throughout most of its postcolonial period, Indian politics have been under the direct rule or influence of the __________.

Congress Party

In Islamic society, an ayatollah traditionally is a __________.

religious expert

Postcolonial nations in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East are described as "artificial creations" because __________.

their current political boundaries were arbitrarily imposed by the European colonial powers

What can be said of the political situation in Iran by the 1990s?

Even though Iran was still controlled by Islamic clerics, more open elections had begun to take place.

During the twenty-first century, South Africa is considered to be a promising social experiment due to its __________.

pluralist democracy made up of both the black majority and the white minority

Rural migrants searching for the "good life" in the urban centers of developing nations have __________.

infrequently been able to secure employment

The spread of religious revivalism in the postcolonial world has affected women in these societies by __________.

promoting greater awareness of birth control efforts (?)

n his poem "I Run Around with Them," Indonesian poet Chairil Anwar criticized __________.

Western-educated elites who dominated postcolonial societies

What can be said of the alliance between the Free Officers movement and the Muslim Brotherhood after Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew the khedival government in Egypt in 1952?

Nasser and his fellow Free Officers disbanded the Muslim Brotherhood along with all other political parties after an attempt on Nasser's life.

Development measures in India such as the Green Revolution that favored cultivators with the resources to invest new seeds and fertilizers have __________.

increased the gap between the rich and poor over much of rural India

Although the Mahdi and Ayatollah Khomeini both led revivalist Islamic revolutions in their homelands, Khomeini __________, unlike the Mahdi.

followed the Shi'a, rather than the Sunni, traditions of Islam

The system of apartheid in South Africa was designed to impose extreme segregation on all races in that nation and to __________.

give the white minority complete political and economic power

South Africa was able to enforce its system of apartheid through an oppressive police state for most of the late twentieth century because of the funding it gained through its __________.

vast mineral wealth

White South African president __________ and other moderate Afrikaner leaders began to negotiate with members of the African National Congress for reforms that eventually dismantled the system of apartheid in the early 1990s.

F. W. de Klerk

What was ironic about Kwame Nkrumah's selection of the name Ghana for the former British colony of the Gold Coast?

The ancient African kingdom of Ghana was actually farther north of the new nation and had nothing to do with the peoples of the Gold Coast.

Military regimes that __________ are considered to be the most detrimental to postcolonial societies.

stifle civil liberties while making little attempts to improve living standards

How did Gamal Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, differ in his policies as Egyptian president?

Sadat favored private rather than state initiatives to achieve economic reform.

Although most former European colonies rejected their early leaders' desires to establish liberal, constitutional regimes after independence, __________ was one of the new nations that followed through with this vision.

India

The "Arab Spring" of 2011 affected Egypt through the __________.

abrupt removal of Hosni Mubarak as president

What can be said about the political situation in India since it became independent in 1947?

Despite numerous challenges, India continues to function as the world's largest democracy.

Military coups in postcolonial societies have often been successful because the military __________.

possesses the monopoly of force needed for restoring order

Unlike similar movements in other African colonies during the postcolonial era, independence in Zimbabwe was declared by __________.

white settlers

Kwame Nkrumah's plans for social reform and economic growth in Ghana failed to attract investment from the West because of __________.

his leftist leanings that won support from the Soviet bloc

Environmental degradation in postcolonial societies is primarily the result of __________.

rural overpopulation (?)

What can be said of Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi's rule in Iran?

Pahlavi's repressive dictatorship and lack of respect for Islamic traditions alienated both secular and religious members of Iranian society, which facilitated his overthrow in 1979.

Parasitic cities in postcolonial societies are urban centers that __________.

depend for survival on food and resources drawn from their own countryside or from abroad

The reform measures that Ayatollah Khomeini tried to implement in Iran shortly after he came to power in 1979 met with little success due to __________.

a war with neighboring Iraq

Although members of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood were committed to a revivalist approach to Islam, their main focus during the early years after this organization was established in 1928 was to __________.

initiate a sweeping program of social and economic reforms in Egypt

Birth control efforts in the former European overseas colonies have __________.

been met with strong resistance based on cultural and religious beliefs

Neocolonial economies in the developing world are characterized by __________.

the continued ability of industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism in these areas without political colonialism

What can be said of the factors that led to population increase in the densely inhabited areas of Asia and Africa that gained independence in the post-World War II era?

Many of the factors leading to population growth had been in place before the era of high colonialism.

Indira Gandhi and Corazon Aquino were female heads of state in __________, respectively.

India and the Philippines