Theory of Human Development Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering theories, domains, stages, and concepts of human development based on lecture material.

Basic Trust

The psychological outcome in infants whose needs are met consistently and reliably, leading to the belief that the world is safe and predictable.

Mistrust

The psychological outcome in infants whose distress is met with neglect, chaos, or rejection, leading to viewing the world as an unreliable and dangerous place.

Hope

The ego virtue developed when an infant's needs are met consistently, yielding the belief that help and comfort will arrive even during difficult times.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's stage from birth to 2 years where infants use senses and movement to explore the world and solve sensorimotor problems.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's stage from 2 to 7 years where preschool children use symbols, language, and make-believe play, but thinking still lacks logic and abstract thought.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's stage from 7 to 11 years where reasoning becomes logical and better organized for concrete situations, though thinking is not yet abstract.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's stage from 11 years on where abstract thinking enables adolescents to use hypotheses, deduction, and evaluate verbal logic.

Microsystem

The ecological layer consisting of immediate settings including family, neighborhood, church, school, peers, workplace, daycare, and virtual micro systems.

Mesosystem

The ecological layer that encompasses links and relationships between two or more microsystems, such as the relationship between family and school.

Exosystem

The ecological layer involving institutional settings, government policies, and laws that affect people's lives.

Macrosystem

The ecological layer consisting of the prevailing beliefs and values of both dominant and subcultures, serving as a framework for other systems.

Chronosystem

The ecological layer representing changes over time at both the individual level and societal levels.

Physical Domain

The domain of human development involving growth and changes in the body, such as progressing from crawling to walking.

Cognitive Domain

The domain of human development encompassing mental processes used to acquire knowledge and awareness, such as understanding that $2+3=5$.

Emotional/Social Domain

The domain of human development involving the growth of emotions, temperament, and social skills, such as understanding peer relationships.

Nature

Hereditary information and genetic/biological influences received from parents at conception, such as eye color or diseases.

Nurture

Physical and social forces that influence biological make-up and psychological experiences, including family, education, culture, and environment.

Id

In Freud's personality theory, the component driven by needs and desires that seeks pleasure and avoids pain.

Ego

In Freud's personality theory, the self-centered structure that redirects Id impulses into acceptable behaviors.

Superego

In Freud's personality theory, the structure representing moral standards and awareness of right and wrong.

Bowlby's Attachment Theory

The theory emphasizing the connection between parent and child, where caregiver responsiveness provides safety, protection, and a sense of security.

Classical Conditioning

A form of behaviorism where stimuli and responses are connected to form a reaction, treating the environment as the supreme force in development.

Operant Conditioning

A form of behaviorism where behaviors are increased through reinforcers or decreased through punishments.

Behavior Modification

Programs designed to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable behaviors through conditioning and observational learning.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

A theory emphasizing that development occurs within a cultural context, where social interaction and language transmit culture across generations.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

A framework outlining four distinct stages of cognitive growth: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational.

Ecological Systems

A developmental framework categorizing environmental influences into Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem.

Theory of Human Development

A comprehensive summary mapping out key domains, theories, nature versus nurture influences, and behavioral foundations across human growth.