KRLS 207 Inclusivity, Barriers, Contraindications, and Disability Models Flashcards

A complete set of 100 practice flashcards covering inclusivity, instructional strategies, contraindications, language models, attitude theories, ICF framework, and accessibility concepts from KRLS 207.

What physical space elements beyond general environment are listed under physical access for gym inclusivity?

Physical environment, equipment, design, toilets, and changing spaces.

What are three small environmental changes suggested to improve gym physical accessibility?

Choose equipment that can be used in different ways, consider lighting, background music, and door widths.

What five factors define the 'People' aspect of physical access in gym inclusivity?

Education, training, disability confidence, adaptation, and support.

What two small staff-related changes are recommended to increase gym accessibility?

Train staff in disability awareness and build flexibility in classes.

How can marketing be used to represent the 'Story' component of gym inclusivity?

By representing people on mainstream platforms and maintaining transparency about limitations.

What three best practices from Australia are highlighted for inclusive fitness?

Embedding inclusion across the whole customer journey, investing in staff training and disability confidence, and representation shown via inclusive communications.

What is the stated overall goal of best practices in inclusive fitness?

Make inclusive fitness normal, not exceptional.

What is the five-step process path to achieving normal inclusive fitness?

$$\text{Research} \rightarrow \text{Tools} \rightarrow \text{Training} \rightarrow \text{Implementation} \rightarrow \text{Change}$$

According to the lecture transcript, how does inclusion start?

Inclusion starts by noticing what's missing.

What mindset is encouraged regarding expertise and making environments inclusive?

Don't wait to be an expert to make things more inclusive.

How are barriers defined in the lecture transcript?

Things that prevent people with disabilities from fully and equally participating in society.

In the ICF model, when do barriers occur in relation to capacity and performance?

When $\text{capacity} > \text{performance}$.

How are facilitators defined in the lecture notes?

Enabling access to goods, services, and facilities, and providing opportunities for participation in programs, events, and opportunities available within society.

What are the three chronological stages where barriers can show up?

Before participation, during participation, and after participation.

What specific barriers can occur before participation?

Getting in, signing up, and feeling welcome.

What specific barriers can occur during participation?

Instruction, pace, communication, and environment.

What specific barriers can occur after participation?

Sense of success, safety, and desire to return.

What is the definition of intrinsic barriers?

A person's own physical, psychological, or cognitive limitations, categorized in the ICF as personal factors.

What five examples of intrinsic barriers are listed in the notes?

Pain, sensory overload, fear of injury, motivation, and self-confidence.

What is the definition of extrinsic barriers?

External influences to the person that impose limitations, categorized in the ICF as environmental factors.

What three environmental categories classify extrinsic barriers?

Physical environment, program design/environment, and social environment.

What are three examples of extrinsic barriers related to the physical environment?

Accessibility issues, transportation challenges, and safety/maintenance/cleanliness.

What are two examples of extrinsic barriers in program design/environment?

Program and equipment cost, and competition.

What are two examples of extrinsic barriers in the social environment?

Poor instruction and lack of communication.

What three concepts categorize instructional and communication strategies in a physical activity setting?

Instructional (how activities are taught), Communication (how instructors interact), and Climate (how the space feels).

What are the two forms of communication illustrated in the expression/reception flow?

Expression and Reception.

What three types of human communication are described in the lecture?

Verbal (spoken word), Para-verbal (tone, volume, cadence), and Non-verbal (body language, posture, personal space).

What length rule is recommended for verbal cues when instructing?

If needed, keep cues to $3\text{--}4$ words and allow processing time.

What are three examples of guided discovery questions provided in the notes?

'Should we try it?', 'What happens if?', and 'How does it feel when?'.

What is kinesics in non-verbal communication?

Body language.

What is proxemics in non-verbal communication?

Our personal space.

What three elements constitute para-verbal communication?

Tone, cadence, and volume.

What is Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)?

All forms of communication (other than oral speech) used to express thoughts, needs, wants, and ideas.

What is the functional difference between augmentative and alternative AAC?

Augmentative adds to existing communication to make it better; Alternative uses tools, different body language, writing, symbols, or pictures to communicate.

How do high-tech and low-tech AAC options differ?

High-tech options are electric devices that permit storage and retrieval of messages and often provide speech output; Low-tech options do not require power or batteries (e.g., picture boards).

What are the five types of visuals described in the communication strategies?

Procedural, Spatial, Rule-based, Time/temporal, and Social stories.

What is the purpose of procedural visuals?

Show what the process will be and what is coming up.

What is the purpose of spatial visuals?

Show boundaries and targets.

What is the purpose of rule-based visuals?

Show how to do things, including what is and is not allowed.

What is the purpose of time/temporal visuals?

Show how much time has passed and what is left.

What is the purpose of social stories visuals?

Help understand concepts and appropriate behaviors for a specific situation.

How do considerations differ from contraindications in exercise programming?

Considerations are signs, symptoms, and factors to be aware of where supports or modifications are applied without needing to avoid activity altogether.

What general exercise considerations should be monitored for anyone?

Pain, discomfort, light-headedness, and shortness of breath.

What four exercise considerations are more common with disability or impairment?

Equipment transferring, medications, balance, and fatigue.

What is the formal definition of a contraindication?

A condition, symptom, or factor that serves as a reason to withhold physical activity due to potential harm.

What is the difference between a relative and an absolute contraindication?

Relative contraindications carry some risks, but benefits exceed risks if adaptations/modifications are made; Absolute contraindications are non-negotiable, risks exceed benefits, and no exercise is advised.

What specific relative symptoms are listed for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

Heat-based tremors and muscle weakness.

What specific relative symptoms are listed for Parkinson's Disease?

Excessive muscle tremors and extreme weakness.

What resting heart rate is listed as a general absolute consideration to terminate exercise?

Resting heart rate $>99\,\text{BPM}$.

What acute health events are listed as general absolute contraindications to terminate physical activity?

Acute recent pulmonary events, acute recent transient ischemia or seizures, acute recent systemic infections with fever/body aches/swollen lymph glands, and severe hypertension.

What is a secondary condition in physical activity pre-screening?

An additional physical or mental health issue that arises from the existing impairment.

What seven common contraindications are listed in the pre-screening unit?

Autonomic Dysreflexia, Pressure Sores, Atlantoaxial Instability, Blood Clots, Shunts, Seizures, and Contractures.

What is Autonomic Dysreflexia (AD) and what spinal cord injury level is it specific to?

An over-reaction of the autonomic nervous system to a noxious stimulus below the damaged spinal cord, occurring in spinal cord injuries at or above $T6$.

What signs and symptoms indicate Autonomic Dysreflexia?

Sudden pounding or throbbing headache, excessive sweating above injury, pale and cold skin below injury, blurred vision, and feelings of anxiety.

What emergency steps must be taken if a participant experiences Autonomic Dysreflexia?

Stop exercise, sit the person upright, remove tight clothing/constricting devices, look for and remove the cause (e.g., overfull bladder or catheter kink), and call $911$ if the cause cannot be addressed.

What is Atlantoaxial Instability (AAI) and in which population is it most common?

Excess mobility in the neck at the atlantoaxial joint ($C1$ and $C2$), which is more common in individuals with Down Syndrome.

What movement constraint exists for participants with Atlantoaxial Instability?

Avoid any activities that involve extreme range of motion (ROM) of the neck.

What are the symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

Leg swelling (edema), leg pain, cramping, soreness starting in the calf, skin color change, and feeling of warmth around the leg.

What exercise guidelines apply to individuals with blood clots?

Avoid high intensity exercises (stick to low/moderate to improve circulation) and avoid crossing legs during exercise.

What are contractures and what exercise precautions should be taken?

Permanent or long-term tightening and stiffening of connective tissue around joints; exercise precautions include avoiding excessive stretching, full ROM demands, pressure on the joint, and heavy resistance training.

What are pressure sores and what is the primary exercise consideration for them?

Serious skin and tissue injuries caused by prolonged pressure; avoid any activity putting pressure on the affected area while keeping exercise for blood flow and circulation.

What environmental precautions should be taken for participants prone to seizures?

Avoid temperature fluctuations, avoid flashing lights, choose exercises without high fall risks, and ensure a good warm-up.

What are shunts made of, what is their function, and what exercise contraindications apply?

Shunts are made of silicon to drain excess CSF from the brain; contraindications include avoiding being upside down and avoiding high-contact sports.

How are motor impairments defined in the notes?

A subset of physical impairment involving the loss of voluntary muscle control, coordination, or strength.

What does the stroke warning sign acronym FAST stand for?

F = Face drooping, A = Arm weakness, S = Speech difficulty, T = Time to call $911$.

What specific exercise modification is recommended post-stroke?

Avoid heavy overhead exercises.

What is the difference between congenital limb difference and acquired amputation?

1 means being born with it; the other results from trauma or illness later in life.

What is Spina Bifida and what is its annual birth statistic in Canada?

A condition where the baby's spinal column does not close completely in the womb within the first $4$ weeks of pregnancy; about $120$ children are born with it annually in Canada.

What is the literal root meaning of the word Disability?

Dis = away from; Ability = capacity or competence.

How is 'Social Construction' defined in the context of disability?

An idea or notion that appears natural and obvious to people who accept it, although it remains an invention or artifice of a given society.

How was disability viewed in the Hebrew Bible?

Disability was associated with sin, and people with disabilities were ostracized and shunned.

What was the core perspective of the pre-20th century 'Charitable Model' of disability?

People with disabilities were viewed as victims and objects of pity.

How did the mid-20th century 'Economic Model' define disability?

Defined by the ability to work, participate in the labor force, be productive, and maintain independence following WWI/WWII.

How did the 'Biomedical Model' (1960s-1980s) characterize disability?

Disability was defined by medical professionals as an impairment or flaw within a person that needs to be corrected.

What key slogan was established during the emergence of the 'Social Model' (1980s onwards)?

'Nothing about us, without us'.

How does the 'Biopsychosocial Model' (1990s onwards) define disability?

As the result of the interaction between a person and a society that fails to adapt to the person's impairment.

What percentage and proportion of Canadians over age 15 live with at least one disability?

$20\%$ ($1\text{ in }5$ people, or $8.0\text{ million}$ Canadians).

What four negative impacts are associated with the labeling problem?

Linkage with stigmas, leading to stereotypes, spread phenomenon, and negative self-fulfilling prophecies.

What five specific exceptions justify the use of disability labels?

Facilitating communication, accessing funding, receiving treatment, accessing programs, and sports classification.

How did the name of Inclusion Canada evolve across 1958, 1969, 1985, and 2020?

1958: Canadian Association for 'Retarded Children' $\rightarrow$ 1969: Canadian Association for the 'Mentally Retarded' $\rightarrow$ 1985: Canadian Association for Community Living $\rightarrow$ 2020: Inclusion Canada.

What is Person-First Language under the Rights-Based Model?

Language that puts the individual before the disability (e.g., 'person with a disability'), focuses on the person as a whole, treating a medical condition or disability as only one part of who they are rather than defining their entire identity

How does the UK Social Model conceptualize disability language?

It flips rights-based language to identity-first ('disabled person') to assert that societies disable people, defining biological differences as impairments. People have impairments, not disabilities.

What is the distinction between 'Deaf', 'deaf', and 'd/Deaf'?

Capital 'D' Deaf refers to identity/culture in a linguistic minority; small 'd' deaf refers to medical hearing loss; 'd/Deaf' captures both hearing loss and cultural identity.

What components make up the ABC model of attitude?

A = Affect (Feelings / Prejudice), B = Behaviour (Actions / Discrimination), C = Cognition (Thoughts / Stereotypes).

What are three examples of everyday or minor ableism?

Choosing an inaccessible venue for an event, using an accessible bathroom stall unnecessarily, and talking to an adult with a disability like a child.

According to the 2015 Angus Reid survey, what were Canadian attitudes toward accessibility?

$90\%$ felt accessibility is a human right, $50\%$ felt accessibility should be a priority, and $40\%$ felt environmental modifications are useful and worthwhile.

What is the difference between explicit and implicit attitudes?

Explicit attitudes are deliberate, conscious beliefs that are easily reported; Implicit attitudes are unconscious, automatic associations formed through past experiences measured via reaction times.

In the Stereotype Content Model, what quadrant combination creates a 'Paternalized' view?

High Warmth combined with Low Competence.

What are the two common disability narratives criticized in the lecture?

Human Interest (portraying disability as a tragedy to adopt) and Supercrip (portraying individuals as superheroes who overcome disability).

Which methods are listed as effective for changing societal attitudes toward disability?

Contact theory, focusing on children, focusing on healthcare professionals, and incentives.

What are the primary assumptions and limitations of the Medical Model in Adapted Physical Activity (APA)?

Assumes disability is an individual deficit to be cured or fixed; Limitation: overemphasizes deficits, ignores environmental barriers, and reduces autonomy.

What are the primary assumptions and limitations of the Social Model in APA?

Assumes disability arises from societal barriers; Limitation: can underplay individual pain, fatigue, and personal health needs.

What three domain spheres intersect in the Biopsychosocial Model of physical activity?

Biological (e.g., Fatigue), Psychological (e.g., Motivation), and Social (e.g., Program Design).

What are the six key components of the WHO ICF Framework?

Health condition, Body functions/structures, Activities, Participation, Environmental factors, and Personal factors.

In the ICF model, what is the definition of 'Body functions/structures'?

Physiological and psychological body systems aspects affected by a health condition ('impairment').

In the ICF model, what is the definition of 'Activities'?

Execution of tasks and ADLs (Activities of Daily Living); difficulty executing tasks is termed an 'activity limitation'.

What are the 1 to 5 numerical qualifiers for Body Structures and Function in the ICF model?

$1$ = No impairment, $2$ = Mild impairment, $3$ = Moderate impairment, $4$ = Severe impairment, $5$ = Complete impairment.

How are 'Capacity' and 'Performance' defined and compared in ICF functional assessment?

Capacity is ability without assistance; Performance is ability in the current environment. If $\text{Capacity} < \text{Performance}$, context is a facilitator; if $\text{Capacity} > \text{Performance}$, context is a barrier.

What are the five levels of the socio-ecological model from innermost to outermost?

Individual (knowledge, attitudes, behaviours) $\rightarrow$ Interpersonal (friends, family, support) $\rightarrow$ Institutional (organizations, schools, workplaces) $\rightarrow$ Community (neighborhoods, cities, social norms) $\rightarrow$ Policy (local, provincial, national legislation).

What six domains are listed under 'Participation' in the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) Framework overview?

Employment, Sport, Exercise, Leisure, Mobility, and Education.