Exam 2: oral structure/birth defects

Primary, secondary, and hard/soft

How is the palatal structure divided?

At the start of 7th week

When does palatogenesis being?

The lateral palatal shelves grow vertically/horizontally until it reaches floor between tongue and mandibular processes where it fuses in median plane and with anterior primary palate. *Elevation => appose => fusion*

What is palatogenesis of secondary palate?

It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

What happens when fusion of lateral palate occurs?

Labial component (upper lip philtrum), upper jaw component (premaxillary maxilla), palatal component (primary palate)

What does the intermaxillary segment create?

All 3 meet at incisive foramen to fuse with nasal septum.

What is palatogenesis of secondary and soft palate?

The soft palate

Where does bone not develop in palate?

Mice, rats, cats, and rabbits

What doesn't have intermaxillary segment?

From 4 arches of pharyngeal, arch 1, 2, 3, 4

Where does the tongue develop from?

From the 1st arch in floor of mouth, which is covered by ectoderm

Where is the body of the tongue developed?

From arches 2, 3, and 4 in the floor of pharynx, which is covered by endoderm

Where is the root of the tongue developed?

The division between the body and root portions of the tongue

What does the sulcus terminalis and foramen cecum mark?

On the side to fuse and overgrow the median tuberculum impar

Where does the lateral lingual swellings develop?

Tuberculum impar

In the 1st arch, what is the median bud called?

Lateral lingual swellings

In the 1st arch, what are the 2 ova swellings that appear on each side called?

Copula

What is the extension from the base of arch 2?

Hypopharyngeal eminence

What is the extension from the base of arch 3 and 4?

The copula is overgrown by arches 3 and 4 (hypopharyngeal eminences)

How is the root and epiglottis formed?

Arch 4

The epiglottis only forms from which arch?

Chewing, saliva distribution and taste

What is the function of the tongue?

Filiform papillae

What is involved in sensation, but doesn't contain taste cells?

An abnormally underdeveloped tongue that causes chewing difficulty, speech impairment, crooked teeth => Pierre Robin syndrome and usually associated with micrognathia (lower jaw is undersized)

What is microglossia?

An abnormally large tongue that causes trauma, dry tongue, speech impairment, drooling, respiratory infections

What is macroglossia?

Tongue anomaly where the lingual frenulum is unusually short/thick and attached to the floor of the mouth. "tongue-tied"

What is ankyloglossia?

Tongue anomaly that is caused by a defect in fusion, disruption in differentiation, or apoptosis.

What is cleft tongue?

In the 3rd week

When does the 1st thyroid gland develop?

The median endodermal thickens from floor of primordial pharynx then descends in neck

How is the 1st thyroid gland developed?

The temporary duct

What is formed from the median endodermal descending in the neck?

The thyroglossal duct connecting the thyroid gland to the tongue

What is still persistent at the 6th week?

The thyroid gland becomes solid/bi-lobed while the thyroglossal duct deteriorates

What happens in the 7th week?

Parafollicular cells

What evolves from the 4th and 5th pouch?

The thyroglossal duct

What can develop into a fibrous cyst if the remnants persist?

Abnormal mass of ectopic thyroid tissue on the base of the tongue.

What is ectopic lingual thyroid?

A lack of normal central migration of gland towards the thyroid cartilage in the neck

What causes ectopic lingual thyroid?

Cleft lip/palate, treacher collins syndrome, hypodontia/oligodontia, cleidocranial dysostosis, micrognathia/agnathia, craniosynostosis

What are common craniofacial disorders?

1 in 500 live births

How common are craniofacial disorders?

cleft lip, unilateral clp, bilateral clp, cleft palate

Types of cleft lip/ cleft palate

Asian population

Which population has a higher frequency for cleft lip/palate?

An abnormally underdeveloped lower jaw

What is micrognathia?

An abnormal development of the head and face

What is frontonasal dysplasia?

When a uvula is split creating a bifurcated uvula.

What is cleft uvula?

A modification in human zygotes produced by invitro fertilization (IVF) using ova and sperms

What is genome editing?

Preterm birth, tremors, seizures, tight muscle tone, excessive crying, poor feeding/sucking, slow weight gain, stuffy nose or sneezing, breathing problems, fever, sweaty/blotchy skin, diarrhea, vomiting

What are symptoms of infants suffering from in utero opioid exposure?

Heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol

What are opioids?

3.9 per 1000 delivery admissions (2001)

How has opioid abuse/addiction increased?

Intrauterine fetal death, neonatal death, and prematurity is decreased

What can happen if exposure/withdrawal of opioids is prevented?

Developmental absence of 1 to 5 teeth

What is hypodontia?

Developmental absence of 6 or more teeth

What is oligodontia?

A joining of the skull bones joining too soon making the skull misshapen as the brain grows

What is craniosynostosis?

It is the absence of the mandible

What is agnathia?

Abnormal bone development of skull and collar (clavicle). Collarbones are poorly developed or absent

What is cleidocranial dysostosis?

Deformities of ears, eyes, cheekbones, and chin

What is treacher collins syndrome?