Ch. 2 Population

What is the scientific study of population characteristics called?

Demography

What is the status of overpopulation?

It's the relationship between the number of people and the availability of resources, not just the total number of people.

Which region holds nearly one-fifth of the world’s population?

East Asia, with five-sixths living in China.

What portion of the world’s population lives in South Asia?

One-fifth, with three-fourths living in India.

What does the term 'Ecumene' refer to?

The portion of Earth’s surface permanently occupied by humans.

What percentage of Earth’s surface do three-fourths of the world's population live on?

Less than 5%.

What is Arithmetic Density?

Total number of people divided by total land area.

What is Physiological Density?

Total number of people divided by total arable land area.

What is Agricultural Density?

Total number of farmers divided by total arable land area.

What does Crude Birth Rate (CBR) measure?

The total number of live births per every 1000 people per year.

What does Crude Death Rate (CDR) measure?

The total number of deaths per every 1000 people per year.

What is the Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?

The percentage by which a population grows in a year, excluding migration.

What is Doubling Time?

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant NIR.

What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

The average number of births a woman will have in her lifetime.

What does Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) measure?

The annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year old compared to total live births.

What is Life Expectancy?

The average number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels.

What marked the Agricultural Revolution?

The domestication of animals.

What is characterized by technological improvements in manufacturing?

Industrial Revolution.

What does the Medical Revolution refer to?

The diffusion of medical technology from more developed countries (MDCs) to less developed countries (LDCs).

What occurs when Total Fertility Rate (TFR) equals 2.1?

Zero Population Growth (ZPG).

Where is almost 100% of the natural increase located?

In less developed countries, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa.

What is the Demographic Transition model?

A geographic model that divides a country’s development into stages based on its population growth patterns.

What characterizes Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition?

Fluctuating high death and birth rates produce little growth.

What happens in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition?

Death rates plummet as countries enter agricultural and industrial revolutions, while birth rates remain constant, causing NIR to skyrocket.

What occurs in Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition?

Both birth and death rates fall, leading to a tapering off of NIR.

What describes Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition?

Zero Population Growth is achieved through improved living standards and social customs.

What is represented in population pyramids?

A country’s population displayed by age and gender groups.

What does the Dependency Ratio measure?

The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to those who can work.

What does the Sex Ratio indicate?

The number of males per 100 females.

What is a Census?

An enormous data source containing various geographical information about a population.

What did Thomas Malthus propose regarding population growth?

That population grows faster than the food supply.

What do Neo-Malthusians claim?

That population growth is outstripping not just food production but a variety of resources.

What do critics of Malthus argue?

That population growth stimulates new technology and alternative methods will be developed when necessary.

What is a Pandemic?

A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population.

What is Epidemiology?

The study of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

What is the Epidemiologic Transition?

An alternative form of the demographic transition that associates medical advancement stages with population growth.

What diseases were prominent in Stage 1 of the Epidemiologic Transition?

Pestilence and famine, primarily infectious and parasitic diseases.

What typically occurs in Stage 2 of the Epidemiologic Transition?

Receding pandemics like Cholera as industrial cities grow.

What defines Stage 3 & 4 of the Epidemiologic Transition?

Degenerative and human-created diseases rise as vaccinations eliminate infectious diseases.

What is proposed for Stage 5 of the Epidemiologic Transition?

A reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases due to antibiotic resistance.

What has been the impact of AIDS in LDCs, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa?

The CDR has soared as many countries are in Stage 2 of the demographic transition.