more shit

more cis bonds

packs less tightly and more likely to melt at lower temperature

for citric acid α-ketoglutarate produces how many of each

2 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP

aliphatic

any organic molecule containing carbon atoms linked in open chains or non-aromatic rings, can be saturated or unsaturated

translation

the process where a cell builds a protein using genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA (mRNA)

transcription

the process where a cell makes an RNA copy of a specific gene's DNA sequence

In the citric acid cycle, the conversion of succinate to fumarate produces which reduced electron carrier?

FADH2

Hershey–Chase Experiment

Labeled viral DNA with ³²P and protein with ³⁵S. DNA entered bacteria, supporting DNA as genetic material.

Avery–MacLeod–McCarty Experiment

Treated bacterial extracts with DNase, RNase, or protease. Only DNase stopped transformation, showing DNA is the transforming material.

Meselson–Stahl Experiment

Used heavy (15N) and light nitrogen (14N) to track DNA replication. Proved replication is semiconservative: one old strand + one new strand.

Rosalind Franklin's X-ray Crystallography

Used X-ray diffraction to study DNA. Provided key evidence for DNA's double-helix structure.

Chargaff's Studies

Measured DNA base percentages and found A = T and G = C, supporting complementary base pairing.

DNA–mRNA Hybridization

Paired mature mRNA with DNA. Unmatched DNA loops revealed introns removed during RNA splicing.

DNA Melting Experiment

Heated DNA samples with different base compositions. More A–T generally means a lower melting temperature.

Radioactive Thymine Experiment

Added radioactive thymine during DNA replication. Both daughter cells inherited labeled DNA.

Lipid Melting Experiment

Heated triglyceride samples. More cis double bonds generally cause a lower melting temperature due to poorer packing.

during both transcription and DNA replication, how is the template strand read

read in the 3’ to 5’ direction

during both transcription and DNA replication, how is the new strand built

in the 5’ to 3’ direction

how to figure out anticodon from codon

match each RNA base to its complementary pair (A pairs with U, C pairs with G) and reverse the 5' to 3' direction

how to find mRNA from a DNA template strand

pair each DNA base with its complementary RNA base (A pairs with U, T pairs with A, C pairs with G, and G pairs with C) and flip the 3' to 5' direction to 5' to 3'

what replication predicts separate heavy and light bands after the first generation

conservative replication

A cell has functioning DNA polymerase but cannot synthesize RNA primers. What is the most direct problem?

Dna polymerase cannot initate new strands

semiconservative replication

the original DNA unwinds, and each of the two new DNA molecules contains one old (parent) strand paired with one newly built strand

conservative replication

the original double-stranded DNA stays completely intact as one molecule, and a brand-new double-stranded copy is built from scratch

dispersive replication

both new DNA molecules end up as a patchwork mix, with alternating chunks of old (original) DNA and new DNA scattered along every strand.

more double bonds

melts faster