Biology Unit 2 Exam Practice (Macromolecules)

CHNOPS (know which are used in each macromolecule!)

The six main chemical elements that make up biological molecules: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur.

Monomer

A small, single molecular subunit that can bind to other similar molecules to form a large polymer.

Polymer

A large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units (monomers) connected by covalent bonds.

Acids / Bases (know, at the most basic level, what causes a solution to be acidic and basic/alkaline)

Acidic: High concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Basic: A high concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) or a low concentration of (H+).

pH

A log-scale measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution based on (H+) concentration (0-6=acidic, 7=neutral, 8-14=basic).

Hydrogen bond

A weak chemical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and a partially negative atom (Like oxygen or nitrogen) of another molecule.

Covalent bond

A strong chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Polar (Hydrophilic)

A covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial positive and partial negative charges that attract water.

Nonpolar (Hydrophobic, Uncharged)

A covalent bond with equal sharing of electrons, resulting in no charge distribution; repels water.

Ionic bond (Charged)

A chemical bond formed

Properties of Water

Polarity

Adhesion

Cohesion

Transpirational Pull

High Specific Heat

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous solutions

Hydrolysis

Condensation / Dehydration Synthesis

4 Categories of Macromolecules:

Carbohydrates (Sugars)

Monosaccharide

Glucose / Fructose/ Galactose

Disaccharide

Sucrose

Polysaccharide

Starch (Amylose) / Cellulose / Glycogen

Lipids (Fats)

Triglyceride

Phospholipid

Selectively permeable membrane

Steroids (Cholesterol, some lipid hormones)

Proteins (Polypeptides)

Amino Acid

Peptide bond

Conformation

Denature (denaturation)

Enzyme

Introcellular/Extracellular Domain

Structure

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

Nucleotide (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil)

Nucleoside

Base pairs

Differences between DNA & RNA