Acids & bases

what is a bronsted-lowry acid?

[H+] donor

what is a bronsted-lowry base

[H-] acceptor

what is a lewis acid?

e- acceptor

what is a lewis base?

e- donor

what is a strong acid

acid that strongly disassociates/donates H+

what is a weak acid

acid that weakly disassociates/donates H+

what is a weak base

base that weakly bonds/accepts H+

what is a strong base?

base that strongly bonds/accepts H+

what is the relationship between Ka and acid strength

positive relationship; as Ka increases/decreases, acid strength increases/decreases

what is the relationship between Kb and base strength

positive relationship; as Kb increases/decreases, base strength increases/decreases

what is the relationship between Ka and pKa?

inverse relationship; as Ka increases/decreases, pKa decreases/increases

what is the relationship between Kb and pKb?

inverse relationship; as Kb increases/decreases, pKb decreases/increases

what is the relationship between pKa and acid strength?

inverse relationship; as pKa increases/decreases, acid strength decreases/increases

what is the relationship between pKb and base strength?

inverse relationship; as pKb increases/decreases, base strength decreases/increases

what is the relationship between the strength of an acid and its conjugate base?

inverse relationship; as acid strength increases/decreases, conjugate base strength decreases/increases

what is the relationship between the strength of a base and its conjugate acid?

inverse relationship; as base strength increases/decreases, conjugate acid strength decreases/increases

what is the relationship between base stability and strength

inverse relationship; as base stability increases/decreases, base strength decreases/increases

rank the common acids from strongest to weakest

sulfonic acid<carboxylic acid<phenol<quaternary amine<water<alcohol<terminal alkyne<ammonia

what is the pKa of sulfonic acid?

~ -7

what is the pKa of carboxylic acids?

~ 4-5

what is the pKa of phenol

~ 10

what is the pKa of quaternary amine

~ 10-11

what is the pKa of water ?

~ 15.7

what is the pKa of alcohol?

~ 16

what is the pKa of terminal alkyne?

~ 26

what is the pKa of ammonia?

~ 38

which reagents (acids/bases) are favored at equilibrium

the more stable and weaker reagents

what is the relationship between acid/base stability and electron energy level

inverse relationship; as acid/base stability increases/decreases, electron energy decreases/increases

what mnemonic can be used to rank bases with the same charge

(A)tom

(R)esonance

(I)nduction

(O)rbitals/hybridization

or

(C)harge

(A)tom

(R)esonance

(D)ipole (I)nduction

(O)rbitals

what is the charge rule when ranking bases

inverse relationship; as base charge increases/decreases, base strength decreases/increases

when can only charge be used to rank acids/bases

when comparing only a acid/base and its conjugate

what is the atom rule when ranking bases

base strength increases as atoms get smaller and less electronegative

what is the one exception for classifying lower energy electrons as weaker bases

when comparing 2 atoms on the same periodic group by size

what is the resonance rule when ranking bases

inverse relationship; as resonance structures & quality increase/decrease, base strength decreases/increases

what is the induction rule when ranking bases

inverse relationship; as neighboring electronegativity increases/decreases, base strength decreases/increases

what is the difference between the atom rule and induction rule when ranking bases

atom rule: examining the atom acting as the base

induction rule: examining helpful electronegative atoms near the base

what is the orbital/hybridization rule when ranking bases

inverse relationship; as hybridization s character increases(sp)/decreases(sp3), base strength decreases/increases