Digestive System All Combined

gastrointestinal

consists of digestive tube called the GI tract and several accessory organs whose primary function is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste

pharynx

throat; serves as a passageway to the respiratory and GI tracts and provides resonating chamber for speech sounds

esophagus

muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach; uses peristalsis to move the bolus downward

small intestine

long coiled tube; duodenum, jejunum, ileum

primary site of digestion and nutrient absorption

colon

section for the large intestine where water is removed from waste to form stool

rectum

final straight section of the large intestine; temporary storage of feces; signals when waste os ready to be eliminated

anus

terminal opening of digestive tract; controls elimination of feces

gallbladder

stores the bile from the liver, and when triggered by the presence of fat in the duodenum, will release bile to the duodenum

pancreas

neutralizes the acids and produces enzymes to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, as well as regulating glucose in the blood

uvula

soft fleshy V-shapes structure

epiglottis

small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus

peristalsis

the squeezing of movements that push food through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines

sphincter

cicular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

duodenum

first part of the small intestine, upper most segment

ileum

third part of the small intestine, approx 12 ft long

jejunum

second part of the small intestine, approx 8 ft long

cecum

small pouch that hangs inferior to the ileocecal valve

an/o

anus

append/o, appendic/o

appendix

bucc/o

cheek

cheil/o

lip

chole/o

bile/gall

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

choledoch/o

bile duct

col/o, colon/o

colon

dent/o, odont/o

teeth

duoden/o

duodenum

esophag/o

esophagus

gastr/o

stomach

gingiv/o

gums

gloss/o, lingu/o

tongue

hepat/o

liver

ile/o

ileum (part of the small intestine)

jejun/o

jejunum

labi/o

lip

lith/o

stone/calculus

or/o

mouth

pancreat/o

pancreas

pharyng/o

pharynx

proct/o

anus/rectum

pylor/o

pylorus

rect/o

rectum

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

stomato

mouth

emesis

vomiting

iasis

abnormal condition

lithiasis

abnormal condition of the formation of stones

megaly

enlargement

orexia

appetite

pepsia

digestion

phagia

swallowing/eating

rhhea

discharge/flow

tripsy

crushin

dia-

through across

peri-

around

sub-

under below

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity usually as a result of chronic liver diseases, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdomen

diverticulum

a small bulging pocket that sticks out from the wall of the intestine

gastroesophageal reflux

backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

hemorrhoids

swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal

anastomosis

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segment to allow flow from one to another

ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, commonly beginning in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upward into the entire colon

hernia

protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained

adhesions

Scar tissue that causes body tissues or organs to stick together

volvolus

A section of the intestine twists around itself, preventing food and waste from passing through.

intussusception

Telescoping of one portion of the intestine into another, causing intestinal blockage

hepatitis

an inflammatory condition of the liver

diverticulosis

a condition in which small, blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall.

gastric adenocarcinoma

cancerous glandular tumour

anorexia

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection

borborgymus

Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

cachexia

complex medical syndrome characterized by severe, unintentional weight loss, muscle wasting, and fatigue that cannot be fully reversed by eating more food. It is often called wasting syndrome.

cholelithiasis

Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder

cirrhosis

Scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease

strangulated hernia

If the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure, leading to necrosis with gangrene

umbilical hernia

a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel.

bariatric surgery

Group of surgical procedures designed to promote weight loss and lower the risk of medical problems associated with obesity through restriction or malabsorption of food.

gastroplasty

surgery that changes the size or shape of the stomach, often to help with weight loss

herniorrhaphy

suture of the abdominal wall

hernioplasty

surgical repair of the hernia

MRCP

Procedure to visualize biliary and pancreatic ducts using magnetic resonance imaging.

VSG

Bariatric surgery involving the removal of a large portion of the stomach, leaving a smaller, sleeve-shaped pouch.

IBS

Disorder affecting the colon that causes constipation and diarrhea; also known as spastic colon.

Antispasmodics

Pharmacological agents that alleviate muscle spasms.

Paracentesis

Procedure for the removal of fluid from the abdomen using a long, thin needle.

Lower GI series

Diagnostic procedure involving the administration of a barium enema while radiographs are taken of the colon.

Gastroscopy

Visual examination of the stomach.

Antiemetics

Pharmacological agents that control nausea and vomiting.

Intubation

Insertion of a tube into any hollow organ.

Anastomosis

Surgical formation of a passage or opening between two hollow viscera or vessels.

Stool guaiac

Test that detects the presence of blood in the feces; also known as Hemoccult.

Endoscopy

Visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument.

Laxatives

Pharmacological agents used to treat constipation.

Antacids

Agents that neutralize excess acid in the stomach to relieve gastritis and ulcer pain.

Stool culture

Diagnostic test to identify microorganisms present in feces.

Liver function tests

Diagnostic tests measuring levels of specific enzymes, bilirubin, and various proteins.

GERD

Condition causing heartburn from the backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus.

PUD

Erosion of the mucous membrane layer of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria.

Proctosigmoidoscopy

Endoscopic procedure for the visual examination of the rectosigmoid colon.