Biochemistry macromolecules

ratio of carboydrates

1C:2H:1O

monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, polysaccharides

glycosidic linkage

Links hydroxyl groups between monosaccharides by condesation/dehydration and broken by hydrolysis

structure of carbohydrates

5 or 6 member carbon rings or linear, many -OH

Elements of nucleic acids

C, H, O, N, P

Monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

polymer of nucleic acids

nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, formed by long chains of nucleotides.

function of nucleic acids

direct synthesis of proteins

3 parts of nucleic acids

sugar, nitrogeneous base, phosphate group - linked by covalent bond

DNA has more stable deoxyribose sugar. WHY?

so it is less reactive to things around it

Directionality of nucleic acids

5’ to 3’ and vice versa

Modified nucleotide that provides chemical energy for cells

ATP

Phosphodiester bond (DNA/RNA)

ester bond stabilizes sugar-phosphate backbone

In DNA base pairs joined by

hydrogen bonds

3 hydrogen bonds between

G and C

2 hydrogen bonds between

A and T

stronger base pair - higher melting point

G and C becaues three hydrogen bonds

Lipids ratio

1C:2H:very little O

stucture of lipids

long hydrocarbon chains that are nonpolar and hydrophobic

IMF and properties in lipids affected by

number of double bonds

straight lipids chain

clsoer alignment, stronger, max # of H, solid at RT

saturated fats (butter)

straight chain, max number of Hydrogens, no double bonds

unsaturated fats (oil)

bent chain, can add hydrogens by removing double bond, liquid at RT

functions of lipids

compartmentalization of cells(membrane)

membrane phospholipid

glycerol joins fatty acid by condensation/dehydration making covalent ester linkage

lipids are not

true polymers

Protein elements

C, H, O, N, S

monomer of proteins

amino acids

polymer of protein

polypeptide chains formed by peptide bond by condensation/dehydration

polypeptide backbone

N-C-C that joins amino acids

protein functions come from

3D structure

protein structures

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

primary protein structure

amino acid chain

secondary strucutre of proteins

hydrogen bonding of peptide backbone forms alpha helix and pleated sheets

tertiary protein structure

3D folding pattern due to R group interactions

Quaternary protein structure

proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide chain

enzymes

proteins that speed up reactions

transport proteins

embedded in cell membrane to transport hydrophilic molecules in/out of cell

polypeptide chain

formed by condensation/dehydration and has carboxyl group on one end, amino group on other