HPPP Ch. 3: Skeletal System

Oss/e

Oss/i

Oste/o

Ost/o

Bones

Bones

Act as the framework for the body

• Protects the internal organs

• Wide variety of movement

• Stores minerals

Myel/o

Bone Marrow

Red Bone Marrow

Helps form red blood cells

Yellow Bone Marrow

Stores fat

Chondr/o

Cartilage

Cartilage

Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints

• Protects the ends of the bones

Arthr/o

Joints

Joints

Work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible

Ligament/o

Ligaments

Ligaments

Connects bones

Synovi/o

Synov/o

Synovial membrane or synovial fluid

Synovial Membrane

Forms the lining of synovial joints

• Secretes synovial fluid

Synovial Fluid

Lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible

Burs/o

Bursa

Bursa

Cushions areas subject to friction during movement

Ankyl/o

Crooked, bent, stiff

Cost/o

Rib

Crani/o

Skull

-desis

To bind, tie together

Kyph/o

Hump

Lord/o

Curve, swayback, bent

-lysis

Loosening

Scoli/o

Curved, bent

Spondyl/o

Vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

Kyphosis

Posterior curvature of low back

Lordosis

Anterior curvature of low back

Scoliosis

Abnormal curvature of spine

Periosteum

Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

Compact Bone

Very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones

Spongy Bone

Lighter and weaker than compact bone

• Red BM is located within this bone

Medullary Cavity

Central cavity located in the shaft of long bones

• Surrounded by compact bone

• Red and yellow BM are stored

Endosteum

Tissue that lines the medullary cavity

-poietic

Pertaining to formation

Articular Cartilage

Covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

Meniscus

Curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone

Epiphyses

Wider ends of long bones

• Covered with articular cartilage to protect it

Proximal Epiphysis

End of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

Foramen

opening in a bone where blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

Process

Normal projection on the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

Fibrous Joints

Inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together

Fontanelles

Flexible soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn

Cartilaginous Joints

Allows slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

Pubic Symphysis

Allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

• Located between the public bones in the anterior of the pelvis

Synovial Joints

Where 2 bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Synovial joints that allow a wide range of movement in many directions

Hinge Joints

Synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane

Synovial Capsule

Outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

Axial Skeleton

Protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

• Consists of 80 bones

  • Vertebral column, skull, rib cage

Appendicular Skeleton

Makes body movements possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

• Consists of 126 bones

  • Extremities

Frontal Bone

Anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead

Parietal Bones

Form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium

• 2 of the largest bones of the skull

Occipital Bone

Forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium

• Above your neck

Temporal Bones

Form the sides and base of the cranium

• The 2 bones are above both of your ears

External Auditory Meatus

Opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear

• Located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull

Sphenoid Bone

Irregular, wedge-shaped bone that spans across the center of the skull base from both sides

• Anterior to the temporal bones

Ethmoid Bone

Light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose

• Separates the nasal cavity from the brain between the two eye orbits

Auditory Ossicles

3 tiny bones located in each middle ear

Nasal Bones

Form the upper part of the bridge of the nose (2 bones)

Zygomatic Bones

Articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead (2 bones)

• Cheekbones

Maxillary Bones

Form most of the upper jaw (2 bones)

• Starts above teeth and ends near the bridge of the nose

• Medial to the zygomatic bones

Palatine Bones

Form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose (2 bones)

Lacrimal Bones

Make up part of the orbit eye at the inner angle (2 bones)

Inferior Conchae

Thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose (2 bones)

Vomer Bone

Forms the base for the nasal septum

Nasal Septum

Cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities

Mandible

Jawbone

• Only movable bone of the skull

Thoracic Cavity (Rib Cage)

Bony structure that protects the heart and lungs

True Ribs

Rib pairs 1-7

• Attach anteriorly to the sternum

False Ribs

Rib pairs 8-10

• Attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum

• Below true ribs

Floating Ribs

Rib pairs 11-12

• Attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but aren’t attached anteriorly

Sternum

Flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest

• Forms the front of the rib cage

• Divided into 3 parts

Manubrium

Bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

Body of the Sternum

Bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

Xiphoid Process

Structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

• Smallest part of the sternum

Shoulders

Forms the pectoral girdle which supports arms and hands

Clavicle

Collar bone

• Connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

Scapula

Shoulder blade

• Below the clavicle

Acromion

Extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

Humerus

Upper arm bone

Radius

Smaller and shorter bone in the forearm

• Runs up the thumb side of the forearm

Ulna

Larger and longer bone of the forearm

• Runs up the pinky side of the forearm

• Proximal end articulates with distal end of humerus to form elbow joint

Olecranon Process (Funny Bone)

Large projection on the upper end of the ulna

• Forms the point of the elbow

Carpals

8 bones that form the wrist

• Form a narrow bony passage, the carpal tunnel

  • Median nerve and the tendons of the fingers pass through the carpal tunnel to reach the hand

Metacarpals

5 bones that form the palms of the hand

Phalanges

The 14 bones of the fingers

• All fingers have 3 bones except for the thumb which has 2

Spinal Column (Vertebral Column)

Protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

• Consists of 26 vertebrae

Body of the Vertebra

Anterior portion of the vertebrae is solid to provide strength

Lamina

Posterior portion of a vertebra

Vertebral Foramen

Opening in the middle of the vertebra

• Allows the spinal cord to pass through

• Protects the spinal cord

Cervical Vertebrae

Form the neck (7 bones)

• C1-C7

Thoracic Vertebrae

Form the outward curve of the spine (12 bones)

• Each vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it

  • T1-T12

Lumbar Vertebrae

Form the inward curve of the lower spine (5 bones)

• Largest and strongest and bear most of the body’s weight

• L1-L5

Sacrum

Triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back

• 5 bones fused together

Coccyx

Forms the end of the spine (tailbone)

• 4 small vertebrae fused together

Pelvis

Protects internal organs and supports lower extremities

• Includes the sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle

Pelvic Girdle

Cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk

Ilium

Broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

Sacr/o

Sacrum